Tin Naing Toe - Mayor of Awa

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Tin Naing Toe, the author of the book "The Governor of the Konbaung Period", is an engineer by profession. In terms of his interests, he is interested in history. He is especially interested in the history of Myanmar and the administration of the Burmese kings during the Konbaung period. He collected and studied all the available evidence and documents.

Finally, his findings were published as a book to provide knowledge to readers.

The book "The Governors of the Konbaung Period" compiled by Tin Naing Toe consists of three parts. The first part includes city administrators appointed in the Rakhine and Tanintharyi regions, the second part includes those appointed in the cities of Upper Myanmar, and the third part includes city and village administrators in Lower Myanmar.

There are many researches and writings on the Burmese monarchy during the Konbaung period. However, there are few separate publications on the appointment of governors to the major cities in each region during that period and the implementation of the Burmese administrative mechanism. I believe that this booklet will be of great help to those interested in writing the history of urban administration. In addition, it also fills in the gap in the history of the Burmese monarchy during the Konbaung period.

It is well known that the headmen and village heads played a key role in the implementation of the administrative mechanism in rural Myanmar during the Konbaung period. It has also been seen that the headmen and village heads had the right to inherit according to their lineage. However, it should be noted that the positions of the remote governors were selected and appointed based on their qualifications, moral integrity, impartiality, honesty, rationality, and loyalty. The development and peace of a township depended on the headmen who handled the administrative mechanism. Only those with the above qualifications and qualities were granted these positions. Those who did not meet these qualifications could not serve for a long time and were also dismissed from their positions. There is also a good tradition of the headmen who were qualified and successfully implemented the development and peace of the township and village being promoted to high positions such as the headman, secretary, and minister.

When examining the implementation of the Konbaung period, we can see two parts: the royal administration and the remote city administration. In the royal administration, the king's influence was very important and effective. In the remote city administration, the governors were responsible and they were able to fully exercise administrative and judicial powers.

It has been found that the governors have the support of the king to ensure the successful operation of the administrative mechanism. It is worth studying and reading to extract the good things from the Burmese administrative mechanism that has been implemented on the land of Burma for many years and combine them with the current administrative mechanism to form the Myanmar national administrative mechanism.

U Sai Aung Tun

Myanmar History Group

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Introduction

The Konbaung period is the last period in the long history of the Burmese feudal era. Compared to the Pyu period, Bagan period, Sagaing, Pinya, and Inwa periods, the history of the Konbaung period can be said to be the events that happened yesterday. However, no one is alive to know even this yesterday's history. Most of the poems and poems about the Konbaung period were destroyed by the British colonialists when Myanmar fell into slavery.

It has disappeared. Only incomplete records have survived thanks to a few hoarders.

To compile a book on the distant governors of the Konbaung period, all available books and manuscripts related to the Konbaung period were searched and read. However, there were no separate books or manuscripts that specifically mentioned the governors, and only sporadically in some books and manuscripts. Therefore, it is incomplete.

The contents are written with all available evidence. Occasionally, living descendants of the mayors are mentioned.

They are searching for and investigating. They are seeking advice from academic experts, teachers, and scholars. They come to Myanmar for various reasons, such as missionary work, military service, and diplomatic service.

He should study and compare contemporary records of foreigners. In this way, the book "The Governor of the Far East in the Konbaung Period" was written and compiled.

The position of the governor of a remote town played an important role in the history of the Konbaung period. It was important for the prosperity of the state, the territory, and the

Peace and stability depended greatly on the governor who governed the respective area. Therefore, the administration of remote towns and villages was as important as the administration of the capital city. There were many difficulties in researching the biographies of the remote governors who governed various areas. Some governors were known only by their titles. Their real names were unknown. Some even had no titles. In general, no governors were known.

It is described. In the coming years, it will be more difficult to find and compile. Therefore, I have to search and collect all the evidence about the governors. If this book fills a gap in the history of the administration of the Konbaung period, it will be worth writing it.

Governor of the remote city during the Konbaung period

During the Konbaung period, the administration was divided into two parts: the royal administration and the regional administration. In the regional administration, the main administrative responsibility for the towns and villages was the governor. The governors were directly appointed by the parliament through a decree called “Gateo Gyi Ko”. The governorship decree states that he was appointed as the governor by “His Majesty the Great King of the Waters, the White Elephant, the Lord of the Weapons, the Lord of the Life and Death of the Lord of the Worlds” and that he was entrusted with all important powers in military, administrative, and judicial matters.

Those appointed as governors of remote areas received the appropriate decorations and equipment. Some of these included “9 gold pieces of velvet, 9 gold leaves of tama leaves, a gold-plated turban with two layers of gold tassels, a gold-plated robe with a golden border, a gold-plated turban with a golden border, a gold-plated turban with a golden border, 12 gold-plated turbans with a golden border” and so on.

In the remote city government office, there were appointed officials such as the military commander, the city clerk, the gunner, and the gunner to assist the governor in carrying out his duties. Although these officials were directly appointed by the parliament, the governor had the right to appoint minor administrative positions such as horsemen and horse heads at his own discretion. However, due to the dishonesty of some governors in appointing positions, these powers were later revoked by the parliament.

On January 4, 1875, during the reign of King Mindon, the order issued by His Majesty Min Htin Kyaw stated, “The governors of remote towns and villages shall not appoint, at their own discretion, the head of the town, the head of the horse, the head of the shield, the commander of the gun, the head of the gold, the head of the silver tax, etc. If an appointment is made that does not comply with the order, the person appointed will be removed from office. He will be punished by a fine.”

Under the governor, the mayors were appointed and administered by the mayor. The position of mayor was traditionally appointed, but if the public was not satisfied, the mayor could submit a proposal to the parliament and appoint another person who was respected by the public as the mayor. (On 31 August 1872, the order of the Honorable Nay Myo Shingkhaya Pae was issued.)

The mayor, King Mahath Main Bham, submitted a proposal to the parliament to appoint U Tha U, a popular candidate, as U Chit Su, the Mon village chief, was not in good terms with the villagers and was being unruly.

Sometimes, the mayor of Mye Du would hear about the corrupt and wicked mayor through the local bishops and abbots. According to the complaint filed by the mayor of Mye Du on 17 December 1881, “The mayor of Mye Du drank palm wine, ate beef and cattle, raised thieves and robbers, forcibly took a young girl and destroyed her, took more than 7,000 baht in bribes, and took bribes from dishonest people and then took orders from them.”

The position of mayor is traditionally appointed, and the position of mayor is usually based on merit. Sometimes the mayor is appointed in conjunction with the position of mayor. In such cases, the appointed mayor is given more prestige than other mayors.

A decree issued on 4 September 1846 stated that “Mahar Min Hla Samanta Kyaw Htin, the Governor of Tharyawaddy, shall be awarded the Shwe Htee during his tenure as the Governor of Tharyawaddy.”

As was the case during the feudal era, the position of the governor of the city was highly dependent on the king. If the king was not satisfied with the governor, he could be dismissed from office. During the reign of King Badon, the governor of Pathein and the Shwepantan boat captain were involved in an incident, and the governor was dismissed from office, but the king was not pleased and was reappointed. Sometimes, senior parliament officials who were respected by the king objected to the position of governor. During the reign of King Mindon, the king's decree appointing two vacant governors of the city was rejected by the minister of the palace. .

Since the remote governors were responsible for territorial administration, tax collection, justice, and defense, they usually appointed only trustworthy people. In addition, to prevent the expansion of their influence in the towns and villages under their responsibility, remote governors were often transferred and not kept in one place for a long time. Therefore, there was a saying, "Once a man is a tamarind, one is a governor." In the late Konbaung period, there were even bribes from the parliament to obtain the position of remote governor. The position of remote governor was a very popular position. It is known that during the reign of King Thibaw, a bribe of five thousand kyats was paid for the position of the governor, and two thousand to three thousand kyats for the position of the middle governor. While there were some governors who were full of moral integrity, there were also governors who gambled and earned extra income. Captain Hannay (Carainfunny) himself said that the governor of Moe Kaung had done this. Even when there is a fight or a fight in the game, you can still make a lot of money by issuing fines.

The administrative areas of the Konbaung period can generally be divided into three parts: Rakhine and Tanintharyi regions, Lower Myanmar region, and Upper Myanmar region. The total number of administrative areas is roughly (70). In these administrative areas, some small towns were combined and a single mayor was appointed. For example: (Pin, Natmauk,

(3 governors of Kyaukpadaung), and there were also those who appointed only the town chief instead of the governor.

In short, during the Konbaung period, there were two types of administration: royal administration and regional administration. In royal administration, the king was the supreme authority, while in regional administration, the governor of the remote area had full administrative, tax-collecting, and judicial powers. The position of the remote area governor was a coveted position in terms of prestige, status, salary, and transportation. Therefore, those who wanted to become governors approached the ruling class and made efforts to obtain the position.