{"title":"Dr. Than Tun","description":"\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/my.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC)\"\u003eThe author's autobiography\u003c\/a\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-အမိန့်တော်ထဲကသမိုင်း","title":"Dr. Than Tun - History from His Majesty's Decree","description":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHistory from the command\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Sin Phyu Shin (1554-1581) captured Inwa on 22 January 1555, but did not use Inwa as his capital. The territory of Hanthawaddy Sin Phyu Shin was determined in 1593 as listed below (List 2084a, 4-7).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Children, Katha, Kamboja, Khanti,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Maymawara, Goelong, Sandar, Saint, Zenyin,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNyaungshwe, Tamilitti, Tampadipa, Patkyi, Bhamo,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Mahanagara), Mongkhon, Mong Si, Mong Oo, Mong Pin,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Good rain, heavy rain, near rain, light rain, moderate rain,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Moewan, Thibaw, Sunapram, Theinwi, Ayutthaya,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are twenty-four places in the collection. The time of compiling this list was when the power of Hanthawaddy White Elephant King was declining, and the state of the Shan State was about to collapse. The king's brother, Min Ye Ranta Meik, moved to Nyaung Ram, which was divided into parts, in 1596 and fortified the city walls (Yang Nan 3, 1967, 99), which clearly shows that he had become a king after the collapse of the Shan State. The surrounding areas were taken over by Inwa on 27 July 1597. An edict was issued on 12 July 1598 declaring Inwa as the central administrative center of the state. That date is considered to be the beginning of the second Inwa period. He assumed the position of king in Inwa on 13 February 1600. Then the Shan states were taken over in the order given below.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMoe Kaung, Moe Hnyin, Nyaung Shwe, Bhamo, Moe Nai, Moe Bry, Sar, Rok Saw, Naung Mon, Mong Pat, Mong Kai, Ti Kyas, Moe Meik and Sini.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Further west, during the period 1606-1628, additional places of conquest were\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe dates of the country (2 July 1608) are the dates of the decrees. Taungoo (24 August 1610), Thanlyin (18 March 1613), Hanthawaddy (3 May 1613), Mottama (7 November 1613), Dawei (15 December 1613), Tanintharyi (26 December 1613), Zinmae (25 November 1614)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e It is known that Lin Zin (26 November 1614) and Thindwe (September 1615) divided the Inwa Kingdom into ten kingdoms (List 1105a, 66-71).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(1) Kamboja Region, Nyaung Shwe, Moenei, Thipaw, (2) Khemawara, Kyaing Ton, (3) Zeyawanuka Region, Ketumati, Zeyawadi, (4) Zain Region, Gowlon, Khanda, Bhamo, (5) Thamapadipa Region, Bagan, Pinya, Myin Sai, Inwa, (6) Mahanagara Region, Kyaing Rong, Mong Si, (7) Ramanaya Region, Kusham, Dagon, Dala, Muttima, Rong Mya, Hansawadi, (8) Sunaparanda Region, Kalay, Saku, Salin, Fong Lin, Lekai, Thaung Thup, (9) Sri Kshetra Region, Pandaung, Sri Kshetra, Udetrik, (10) Haripunsa Region, Kyaing, Zin Ma.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe country is so vast that when issuing decrees, they are required to issue them in three languages: Mon, Burmese, and Yun. This means that since there are many different languages ​​and ethnic groups, mutual understanding can only be achieved by using one of the three languages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI think it is an Indian custom to divide the country into eight and sixteen regions. (Tin, 2, 1932, 93) Before the Indian influence, the area where irrigated agriculture began to develop was called kron (district), and later it was expanded and the areas where the fields were built were called. These terms are still used today. The change of name is constant. Cities are destroyed, new cities are built. There are various reasons for this in their own time. For example, Inwa was built and destroyed four times. Inwa was renamed Shwe (August 30, 1598). Ratur is now called a village. Tamot, Thintaung, Pwtshar, and Khar are now villages. The fields, which were originally eleven villages, are now nine fields.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\"Saw Hla's, the sea, the river, the mountain, the mountain, the horse jumping, the mountain\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe star is a new name. As mentioned earlier, the old eleven, Tamot, Thindaung, Pettha, and Kyarth, have been eliminated. Yatur is no longer listed. The list of lands has also changed. It has increased. This means that the farmland has expanded. The greater the king's power, the more military power he needs. When there is no war, the increased armed forces have to engage in agriculture. In this case, the list of lands can be listed together with the date of the decree.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEastern Division (Stone Division), from the eastern border of the Ayeyarwady to the Myit Nge River (31 May 1679, 2 June 1679, 29 November 1787, 24 December 1787, 4 May 1795, 12 August 1795, 25 May 1801, 6 July 1801, 9 February 1806, 22 June 1806) (If you search for the dates and orders mentioned in the 10 volumes of the Summary of Orders, which I have edited and translated into English, you will be able to know the relevant circumstances. The use of the Christian calendar is deliberate to make it comparable with world history).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe western border is the reverse of the eastern border, and the area south of Innwa to Yamethin is also included in the western border. (31 May 1679, 2 June 1979, 28 November 1783, 28 November 1784, 29 December 1784, 25 November 1786, 11 July 1787, 17 December 1787, 26 May 1795, 7 January 1801). .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe southern border is from Chindwin to the west, from Kani to Pokhangyi. (31 May 1679, 2 June 1679, 16 December 1783, 15 May 1784, 2 October 1785, 29 September 1787, 9 October 1787, 15 October 1787, 29 November 1787, 1 April 1788, 2 April 1788, 10 July 1795, 7 June 1801, 22 June 1806).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe northern battle site is on the north side of the widower. (1 March 1569, 31 May 1679, 2 June 1679, 16 August 1783, 19\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569216118933,"sku":"","price":4500.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_9fe26346-cfe2-425a-aea0-b3511a325c26.jpg?v=1730212240"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ဟာဗေ-စာတမ်းသုံးစောင်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Three Papers of Harvey","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e An Indian soldier (Sivay) captures Mandalay from Muni's father's side.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is an inscription that says, \"The soldiers board the ship.\" There is a wooden sculpture at the bow of the ship, which shows the princes dressed in full regalia. Harvey also wrote that he heard from U Pe Aung that a fake prince was standing at the bow of the ship leading the group that was sailing into Myanmar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough these letters were written in 1953, U Pe Aung died in 1926, so it is likely that Harvey had heard of the “Fake Prince” story long before.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRudyard Kipling wrote several poems about some of the events of the \"Peacekeeping\" period, and many of the details are accurate, as they were reported by British soldiers who were involved in the peacekeeping. In the poem \"The Head Falls\", Kipling's description of his experiences is as follows:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eQuiet Chester Day, widow\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCrying for an only child\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA tomb on the banks of the Pepin River\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAvoid everything Burmese.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\"Sergeant Prattewari\" never said\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKnow the whole story.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExplosion from the bush\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLaughter, running\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFirst Scouts\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe body of the colonel is already being picked up.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA large, dark bruise on his forehead.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe other side is empty.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSergeant \"Prat Tewari\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCorporal \"Hira\" and\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTwenty with guns\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI came to command the army.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe sun is starting to turn brown.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe walked along the riverbank.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\"Sergeant Prattewari\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey fired their guns on his orders.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA dozen soldiers from this side of the village fence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCorporal \"Hira\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCalling the rest of the army.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe other side of the flower is in the flower.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFirst scout soldiers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eScream and kill.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn a noisy crowd\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThrow the \"little diamond\" here and there\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThose who ran out of the village on the other side\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe corporal's group was killed.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI couldn't finish it all morning.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe death list is endless.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe head that needs to be cut off is one hundred.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTen heads, then two heads\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey have returned to their commander's grave.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFirst scout soldiers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEvery soldier carries a basket.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMy hands are red too.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe village is also lit up with red lights.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSearch for \"Pepinmaw\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe basket is dripping.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRed grass along the road\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA collection of souvenirs\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere will be a tall person.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne head on top of another\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey go and go, even the blindfolded ones.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnger, pain, fear\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOn burnt flesh\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt's visible.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSergeant \"Pratthewari\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePlace his general's head on the great victory monument\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHis head is down.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA sword and a banner were also placed.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLet the world know and see whose match it is.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is regrettable that I have to quote this terrible poem in full. But I want to show that Harvey deliberately withheld details about the period 1886 to 1890, which must be called the worst period in the history of Burmese-English relations. In a letter to the Pathein Commissioner, dated 7 November 1926, Harvey states that he had found the poem with the help of Captain ‘Lee Rok’ of the Survey of India. The unfortunate village was Pepin Maw, located at the confluence of the Pepin Chaung and the Ngawan River, and the following is the sworn statement of an old man from that village.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere was a small village in the place where the Buddha was buried and the temple was built. When the Burmese army attacked the village, a British officer was killed in the battle. The soldiers could not control their anger and opened fire on the soldiers with bombs and guns. The soldiers who were waiting in ambush from the village killed all the villagers who ran out of the village, leaving only the women and children. The heads of the dead were placed on the grave of the soldier.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHarvey's school history book for Burma was very successful in its intended purpose (1920\/34) in terms of the use of the term \"imperialism\" in the education reports. The school history book written by \"S.W. Box\", a former education minister, was so uncomplicated in its imperialist propaganda that it was clearly written by an eighth grader, that it was rejected and replaced by Harvey's book.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHarvey's book, with its meticulous writing, scholarly style, and eye-catching illustrations, was like a wolf in the barnyard that was brought into the hands of university-level students. The book was widely used in schools across Burma, and students were taught everything about Burmese history in a colonial style.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eU Po Kyar and U Ba Than have boldly written and published Burmese history books for schools, but they themselves have found that in many places they themselves are subject to the influence of Harvey. Since these books are written in Burmese and are only used in national schools (and not many people have read Harvey's books), the idea that we have been fooled by them is only growing in the minds of young Burmese scholars. \"Ho\" and \"Kadei\" have expanded on this and have even attacked King Thibaw and the pitiful Monsieur Hass with harsh words.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569217790101,"sku":"","price":1350.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_0f906ab2-1cf6-45c5-a4b4-b95b035120cc.jpg?v=1730212322"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-လူတွေအကျိုးကိုရှေးရှုပြီးရေးတဲ့မြန်မာသမိုင်း၂၀၀၃စာစု","title":"Dr. Than Tun - 2003 Collection of Myanmar History Written for the Benefit of the People","description":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe last two kings of Nyaung-ran\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDuring the reigns of King Sangma Sripavara Mahadhammarajadhipati (1714-1733) and King Sinku Mahadhammarajadhipati (1733-1752), they faced three unresolved issues: the Manipur Affair, the Hansawaddy Affair, and the Kui Affair. But the fundamental reason was the decline of their influence and the collapse of their administration at home.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen King Sangmu became king, his uncles, King Bagan and King Taungoo, rebelled. He sent 40 troops, 100 elephants, 1,000 horses, and 40,000 soldiers to suppress the rebels. King Bagan fled and King Taungoo surrendered.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne notable event during the reign of King Sangmu was the compilation of the Royal History by Maung Kala, the son of the Sintkai Thapa. He was praised for his excellent writing and clear Burmese language.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The king's good deeds\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. His father, King Sanemin (1698-1714), donated a golden pagoda and a golden umbrella to the pagoda built in Palepa. He also gave the title Lokman Aung.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. In 1717, a monastery was built and dedicated to Sayadaw Gunawinda Rajaguru of Chindwin village.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 3. In 1718, the U Nak Chaungna Pagoda and School, the Sagaing Shinhla Pyinsa Malin Pagoda and the three Harptans, the Lokadusa Mara Aung Pagoda, the Taung La Lone Tha Htun Oo Pagoda, and the Gandhamadana Taung Jotira Tha Man Aung Pagoda were built.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4. In 1720, a monastery was built and dedicated to the venerable Anandaja. A large, golden-glazed pagoda was built on the grounds of the famous Phyu Shin Hla Monastery.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 5. In 1725, a large jade statue was carved at Sotapan, Sagaing River Port, and he was given the title of Lokama Aung.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 6. In 1726, he installed the umbrella on the Great Pagoda of the city. He built the World Crown Pagoda.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e7. In 1731, a large white crystal from Sakyin Mountain was carved into a statue and set in a brick and plaster.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 8. 1732 The four-towered pagoda and the monastery were built south of the new palace. Completed\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e9. Every month of the month of Nayon, he held a quiz. If he could translate the grammar, the sāgaha, the yamaik, the padṇa, the āyā, and the tika, he was called the first to go. He included the relatives of the five-year-old ascetic in the horse-blood drinking group.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e10. The three copies of the Pitaka were written in ink and placed in the Pitaka Temple for worship. -King Gara Nawas of Katha sent a message in 1723 asking for a daughter. He sent about 300 people to Ruwa in rafts to fetch the daughter.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Katha king captured and killed the invaders. He also captured the city of Thaungthup. On 18 November 1724, King Sangma appointed the Pathanagori chieftain, Min Ye Thiha Kyaw, as his major and sent 50 elephants, 3,000 horses, and 30,000 soldiers. When Min Ye Thiha Kyaw said that he had crossed the Chindwin River, the Katha people fled from their towns and villages without putting up a defense. The soldiers were suffering from measles and measles on the rough road, so Min Ye Thiha Kyaw withdrew his army. The king was angry and said that he could not finish the war, so Min Ye Thiha Kyaw was punished.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDuring the reign of King Sungai, Zin Mae rebelled. In 1722, the governor of Zin Mae, Min Ye Nawrahta, his successor, Myay Nay Myin Nhu, and then Nanda Pat, “took bribes and tortured the Zin Mae people and their families,” and killed them and made Khana Dibba king. When King Sungai heard of the Zin Mae rebellion, on 30 September 1730, he appointed the new governor of the city, Min Ye Ranta, as a major and sent 17 troops, 50 elephants, 1,000 horses, and 10,000 soldiers. The Zin Mae people fortified the city, but they failed. In 1731, new troops were sent, but they were unsuccessful. From that time on, it became an independent country until the beginning of the Konbaung period. King Sungai died on 3 November 1733. His son Mahadhammaraja succeeded him as the king. The administration of the country was entrusted to the incompetent young teacher Rajananda, resulting in poor planning and poor governance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt has been noted that the Supreme Commander, when giving gifts near and far, does not usually check the source of the gifts (Book, 2, 120).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e He himself did not scrutinize and criticize the affairs of the country. He was more likely to indulge in entertainment and entertainment (Kone 1, 21).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e At parties\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the month of Tagu, there is a water sprinkling ceremony and a New Year's dance performance, in the month of Kason, a water-pouring ceremony, in the month of Nayon, a ceremony for the examination of the merits in Waso, a lottery ceremony in Wakhaung, a boat festival in Taw Thalin, in the month of Thadingyut, a festival for the horse-riding procession and a festival for the gift-giving of Wakyut, in the month of Tasaungmone, a festival for the donation of Kathin robes, lotus robes, Tasaungdaing and the stars, in the month of Nattaw, an elephant festival, a horse-catching festival, in the month of Pyatho, a yagyu and bonfire festival in the month of Tapotwe, and a festival for the Buddha's festival in Tabaung. He lived in a state of joy and happiness. (Riri 1975, 22).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe weather in the country was bad, causing the farming industry to fail. Rice and paddy were scarce. The situation was at its worst in 1752.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eJanuary 2003, Kalya Magazine.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569220804757,"sku":"","price":5225.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_2f12fda6-6c30-446b-a37d-dd25e61035b0.jpg?v=1730212384"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-လူကြီးမရှင်းသာတဲ့လူငယ်ပြဿနာ","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Youth problems that adults cannot solve","description":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTotal rehabilitation (1)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKing Hanthawaddy Sinphyu Shin (15 January 1516 - 10 October 1518) had three wives, three sons, thirty-four concubines, thirty-five sons, fifty-six daughters, a total of ninety-one (83 wives, a total of 335). When he married the daughter of the feudal lord (Shan Sawbwa), the eldest son of U Phut 1, was the ruler of Nyaungyan. When the eldest son died, his younger son, Thitthaka, succeeded him and became the ruler of Nyaungyan. That prince was called Maung Thitthaka. Later, he became the Nyaungyan King who reestablished Ava as the capital of the kingdom.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is a story that explains why a prince is called a brother-in-law. It is also found in the five hundred and fifty Jatakas that kings often take away young women from wherever they go. (Kathavahana Jataka No. 7). In the history of Myanmar, it is often said that the remaining soldiers and the White Elephant of Hanthawaddy (Bayint Naung) are accompanied by such young men and women. It is also seen that the Burmese tradition of eating well, eating well, eating well, eating well, eating well, forgetting the traditional Burmese custom of eating well,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe father of King Nyaung-ran, King Sin-phyu-shin, wanted to clear the whole of Shan State. He saw a young girl in Nyaung-ran, and when he saw that she was a good match for him, he sold her ring and raised her. If he had a son, he would have brought him a young boy. As he had ordered, the mother gave birth to a boy, and when the day and month were up, he went to Hanthawaddy with the son. He reported the matter to him. When he found out, he was ashamed and hid it. However, when he knew that it was because of his promise, he knew that he had made a promise to the minister, Banyadala. If he had investigated, he would have been able to hide it like a poor man, as a master and a servant. If he had been ordered to have the boy put in water, he would have drowned his nose in water. The king ordered that the king's feet be drowned in a golden basin. The girl was also drowned in the golden basin. Then, thinking that it was like eating a fish, he would take her feet and have her drowned, and he would have her drowned and be punished. He made the young woman the king and named her eldest son, Shin U Put, and the younger son, Maung Thit, after the sign of his loyalty. When Maung Thit came of age, he made him the ruler of Nyaung Ram. When that prince became king, he was known as Nyaung Ram Min Dhamma. After expanding and establishing Ava, he named it Ratanapura and ascended the throne. (Excerpt from the History, Tin, 4, 1976 reprint, 276-7)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHaving said this earlier, if we continue the story, the young man who accused the king of being the father of his child was Khin Phong. He had a son (Shin Uput) from his first marriage, and the son he had with the king was called Aung, and Maung Thittar was named after him when he arrived at the Hanthawaddy Palace. Maung Thittar was restored and, having received the Yadanarnapura, he ascended the throne on 27 August 1547. Thatoe Min Ill (1364-7) founded the city on 1 February 1365 (1963-394) at the confluence of the Ayeyarwaddy and Duththawaddy rivers. He built the city as wide as possible by enlarging the Nga Kye In, Kyauk Maw In, In Bu and Unai In. The main purpose of doing this was to protect security. The Shans from the north (as is well known) came south in 1364 and destroyed the two capitals, Pinya and Sagaing. The site chosen for the new capital was much better than the sites of Pinya and Sagaing. During the rainy season, the island was surrounded by water and thus naturally deterred the enemy. (Dar 1, 1963, p. 396). This place is also called “Akhwason” (Dar 1, 1963, p. 364). Previously known as “Tampadipa”, it was called Inwa since the reign of King Thihathu (1309-25) who ascended the throne on October 20, 1309 (Than Tun 1959, 122). (1963, 398). In 1598, King Nyaungyan (1598-1606) called it Shwewa (order dated August 30, 1598). In 1365, when the palace was built, the city was named Yadanarpura Shwewa. (1963, 396). The king who founded the city cannot be said to have been very powerful. After three years of fighting and conquering the sea regions, the Ava Kingdom became nineteen cities. The nineteen cities and regions were Saku, Sagaing, Nyaungyan, Tagaung, Tapayin, Taluk, Taung Ngu, Taung Dwin Gyi, Taung Pyone Gyi, Pakhan Gyi, Bagan, Pauk Myaing, Pyay, Makhra, Myaydu, Yamethin, five districts of the Yaewai River (Yaptein, Pappaing, Mya Kaung, Taungnyo and Tamyin San) and Watie Warin Tok.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe third successor, the King of Burma (Khin Kyi Saw Ke 13671400), ascended the throne on 3 September 1375 (Than Tun 1959, 128). According to a record (List 682), in the Myanmar region, which was completely destroyed by the Shans (after the construction of the Shwe Kyaung Gya), a ceremony was held on 7 February 1375 (after the Shwe Kyaung Gya was completed). (The Shwe Kyaung Gya Dayaka) The religious freedom was restored due to the generosity of the hands and heart of the great sage, the monks, Brahmins, and laymen, both men and women, who were able to practice the virtues of charity, and the country of the Burmese kingdom, Avalay, grew and prospered, and the country became prosperous and prosperous for a thousand years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTowards the end of the 14th century, the Ava king began to focus on agriculture to restore peace to the people. The forest monks and forest monks led the development work in the post-war years. The “Tane Sangha” led the work of establishing farms to cultivate the wild land and forests. As a result, many areas saw an increase in the production of crops. (Than Tun 1959a).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAt the end of the 14th century, the Ava kingdom was described as follows in the Yanyan Stone (page 7-9, year 762, AD 1400). (Tin Hla Thaw 1959)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKing Anawrahta Min Khaung 1400-22 declared that on 25 November 1400, Burma, which he ruled, extended beyond the borders of Tanu and Paunglaung, and beyond the borders of the Kati, Mon and Kyaing tribes, and beyond the Nagas who sacrificed and killed people, to the month of Timmasala (the month of Dimasakasari in the upper Assam), and beyond the month of Tikonya. (The description of the territory is not very clear in this extract. See the list from 1400 AD. (Gar 1, 1963, 452)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKanni, Kyaukpandaung, Khuntaung, Saku, Sakai, Sale, Sanlin, Sintku, Siputra, Sithar, Nga Sintku, Yenan, Nyaungran, Tagaung, Tapayin, Talok, Taungoo, Taungdwin, Htee Lin, Natmauk, Padon, Patnagor, Pokhangyi, Pokhannge, Bagan, Sea, Pintale, Pyi, Pyinsi, Bantkyi Setai, Makhra, Mindat, Mindon, Myaung, Myatte, Myadoo, Myinsai, Yaw, Yintaw, Yamethin, Yenangyaung, Shatha, Lekai, Laungshe, Hlaingtat, Wati, Tharet, Thagara, Thayarwaddy, Height.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Ava and Hanthawaddy wars began in 1386 and lasted until 1422. In between, there was a brief pause in 1405, when the two enemy kings met at Pyay San Taw Shin Pagoda, and the border between the two countries was defined as follows.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e To divide the upper Myanmar region from the lower (Mon) region, a boundary marker (aligned east-west) should be erected at Sapaka in the east and Tapintarang in the west (Tin Hla Thaw 1959, 146).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoth these places are located in the western part of the country (Tabintraung) and in the eastern part of the country (Sapaka). When the Burmese and Mon fought, both sides suffered great losses of farmland. In addition, there was always the danger that the northern Shans would come down to the south and attack. King Narapati (1501-1527), who reigned from 12 April 1501, was the first king of Ava.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1365-1528 was the last of the powerful and important kings of Ava. He was killed in battle on 9 March 1527. (Mant 2, 1967, p. 136). While he was still ruling the Ava throne, Taungoo became a political power from about 1524 (Mant 2, 1967, p. 134). The first king of the Ava dynasty, Mahathiri Zeya, died in 1530 (Mant 2, 1963, p. 139), and his son Tabin Shwe Htee (1930-51) moved the throne from Taungoo to Hanthawaddy in 1538 (Mant 2, 1963, p. 141), and from that time onwards, Hanthawaddy became a politically important place, even more so than Ava.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAccording to the Mon inscriptions (Chit Thein 1965, Than Htun 1969), the following table shows the broad picture of Hanthawaddy's role in Myanmar's politics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e11 January 1551, the White Elephant of Hanthawadi (Sri Pavaram Mahadharajadhira)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eH. Taungoo Harvest\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e30 August 1551, the White Elephant was defeated.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e12 March 1552, King Sinphyu Shin captured Hanthawaddy.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e12 January 1554, the White Elephant was anointed\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e22 January 1554 The White Elephant left Hanthawaddy.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(To capture the northern part of Shan)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e8 January 1557 The White Elephant marched north.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e10 January 1557 King Sinphyu Shin seized the lands of Moe Meik, Thipaw, and Patta Myar.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e20 February 1557 The White Elephant arrived at Htee Chaing.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e6 March 1557, the White Elephant, Moehnyin Thein\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e26 March 1557, King Moe Kaung Thein of the White Elephant\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2 April 1577 The White Elephant ordered that if the Emperor died, he would kill a man.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe king ordered that the sacrifices should not be continued.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e9 April 1577, Moe Kaung, the White Elephant, returned to Hanthawaddy.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen Hanthawadi Sinphyu Shin died on 17 November 1581, his son, Dayaka (1581-1600), succeeded him. During his reign, there was no end to war. There were constant attacks. His father's kingdom was too vast to be controlled. He tried to recapture the territories that had escaped from his control, but in the end he found himself unable to control them. Only 29 territories remained under his control. (List 1048a)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKalay, Katha, Kanpauk, Khamti, Khemawara, Gowlon, Sandar, Saint, Zinron, Nyaungshwe, Tamalitti, Tampadipa, Pakkyaw, Bhamo, Mahanawara, Mai Khun, Mai Sin, Mai Ti, Mai Pei, Moe Kaung, Moe Nyin, Moe Na, Moe Nel, Moe Mat, Moe Wan, Thipaw, Suna Paranta, Seinwi, Ayudhya.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis list is said to have been made before the fall of Hanthawaddy. Soon after the list was made, Ava was destroyed. The person who would re-establish Ava was King Nyaung Ram. Nyaung Ram, which he controlled, was prepared from 1596 to withstand the attacks of all enemies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: right;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKalya, No. (202),\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: right;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDecember, 2001.\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv style=\"text-align: right;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(This article is from 2001, but it is included with 2002, so it is listed together in this volume.) \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569222115477,"sku":"","price":6300.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_5bd6c123-d489-4eb6-96a5-28340a9a730c.jpg?v=1730212421"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မှိုင်ဋီကာအရပ်ရပ်ကနိုင်ငံတကာသဘောထားအထွေထွေ","title":"Dr. Than Tun - General international opinion from all corners of the world","description":"\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFrom all corners of the world\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGeneral political opinion\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOn March 23, 1876, a young boy was born to U San Dun and Daw Ohn in the village of Wa-la, near Pyi Shwe Taung. This boy later became a famous person in Myanmar known as Thakin Hmoing. We first understood that he was born as an Englishman from the time he was born in the village of Aok Pyi Aok, which is called English Burma. There was a risk that he would become an English-speaking person, and that he would become a person of the five thousand rank in the era. That is, if he had gone to the city and studied English in a high school, he would have become a famous person in some way. I don’t think Thakin Hmoing would have become like this.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhy do you do that? Look at the people below who are about the same age as those who speak English. Sappin U Lat and James Hla Kyaw are ten years older than him. Sir J.A. Maung Gyi is five years older than him. President U Chit Hlaing is three years younger than him. U May Aung5 is four years younger than him. Sir Maung Gyi6 is ten years younger than him. U Pe Maung Tin is twelve years younger than him.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you know English, you are likely to side with the English. Even if you don't become a true English person, you are likely to waver. This means that the Burmese side will not be able to stand alone. In reality, in those days, young people who knew English became presidents and secretaries of the YMBA and GCBA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBut when I was appointed as the leader of the country, I was told that I was not just a person, but a chairman, a person who knew English and was a good person.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. Sapepin U Lat, 1866 to June 1921\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 2. James Hla Kyaw, 20 June 1866-17 November 1919\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e3. Sir J.A. Maung, 12 December 1871 9 March 1955\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 4. President U Chit Hlaing, 9 June 1879-31 October 1952\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 5. U May Aung, 1880-1926\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 6. Sir Maung Gyi, 1086-1926\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 7. U Pe Maung Tin, 24 April 1888-27 March 1973\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e As if the demon Htoo were being praised with a drum,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e With this desire to be proud, I am a fellow citizen.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e They trample on us and break us, speaking in vain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Write and spread love.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNot bound by a large,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e They are far from compassion and disrespectful.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe teacher himself wrote. I think that the teacher himself wrote in the Dog Commentary (1925) that if you know English, you will lose your national spirit. On the other hand, considering that he was only nine years old when he arrived in Mandalay, the national Burmese state, his parents must have wanted him to become a nobleman with Burmese knowledge. He himself \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ewrote in the Monkey Commentary (1922) that “If there is a king, I will also be a great and powerful man.”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI believe that with this basic idea in mind, we can examine his writings and draw conclusions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e I tried to read all of the teacher's commentaries. According to the list -\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. Dog Commentary, Yangon, Nay Soe Shein Publishing, 1969, second printing, page 106\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 2. Monkey Commentary, Yangon, Dagon Magazine, 1922, page 203\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKartik (1 August 1912)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Dog Commentary (1925)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Garuda Panthika (4 December 1931)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Sondantha Myaingthika (May 1921)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Ten Thousand Commentaries (December 1926)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e One Commentary (9 February 1926)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Swaratika (24 August 1920)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e New Commentary (March 30, 1920)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVolodymyr (18 February 1913)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Paramattha Vibhadhani Tika (August 1933)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Boycott Commentary (31 January 1921)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Maudhoshin's Bachelor's Degree (1917)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Monkey Commentary (9 June 1922)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Horse Commentary (27 July 1925)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Craftsmanship Commentary (1923)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Thakin Tika (August 1935)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReligious Commentary (9 August 1921)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e U Tun Shein's autobiography (25 June 1920)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI found eighteen in total. Some of these eighteen are excerpts from some of the commentaries I have found, as well as summaries and summaries of articles. The paper I am writing now is about political philosophy, so I cannot find some commentaries, so I cannot read them, but I can say whatever I want.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569224966293,"sku":"","price":665.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_33968c7b-67f4-4743-9ec6-083e55e98f82.jpg?v=1730212456"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မြန်မာသူရဿတီ၂၀၀၁စာစု","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Myanmar Thurasati 2001 Collection","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Higher than the Pāja Paramita. (Gapte. 106, 107 \u0026amp; 108). This development is believed to have begun with the rise of Wayana Buddhism in India in the 7th and 8th centuries. (Gupre, 28)... In Japan, the goddess Saraswati is known to the monks of Van Than (Gupte 109, Grunwedd 105, 148 in)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe beginning of Saraswati worship in Myanmar is found in the Shwe Si Khon Mon inscription, so it is believed to be around 1048 AD. However, there are many references to her in Burmese literature (Toe Hla has found and given an example of her in the Yaturkan Echin). These references date from 1494 to 1942. In this literature, Saraswati is considered a goddess of wisdom and eloquence. The Hindu goddess is described as a goddess who protects Buddhism in the Sixty-eighth Gatha (verse 78), and as a goddess with a palace in a lake in the Linatta (verse 72). In the Hitakari (verse 3), the Nanasandha (verse 106) and the Adhikappa (116), this goddess is described as white. She is described as riding a chariot and holding a lotus in one hand. In the Letwe Nawratha Vaithu (214-15), this goddess is mentioned since the beginning of the world. She is very powerful, and her speech is very good. The person she protects is wise and speaks only valuable words. It is believed that Rama, Samma and Dana, who wrote secular texts, often mention this goddess at the beginning of their books. Even those who wrote the Lokuktatra text say that they want to take the name of this goddess. Why do they do this? Because this goddess is still seen holding the three copies of the Pitaka in her hand. This means that Saraswati protects the religion and protects the Buddha's teachings. I have seen this written by Taungdwin Sayadaw on 31 August 1762. (Letwe Nawratha Vaithu 214-15). In modern times, this form of offering to the goddess is found in the Balinatsa Athayathi (Yangon Sudhammawaddy, 1951, 13, 17, 2930 and 97). It can also be found in the following books and publications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA document on how to offer the nine offerings to the Sein Pe Buddha, Yangon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Shwedagon U Poin Publishing House, 1973, 111-12, 121,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 122, 123, 125, 127 and 245,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Cave of the Gods: “Gouramanta (aka) Goura Vinda - Burmese God”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 2BRS x EIIIi, June \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1960\u003c\/span\u003e , \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e51-5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Kyaw (Divbasakkhusara) White House..\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMantra Union, Rangoon, Sudhammawaddy, 1961, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 149, 151, 152, 155, 157 and 161\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Tin Aung \"The Nine Gods\" JBRS xxx VII, ii ; Rec 1954,1-9 \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePo Kha Thirty Seventeen, Rangoon, Myanmar Honor Printing, 1973, 16, 20, 21 and 24.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThurazz, Volume (1), No. (12),\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDecember, 2001.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569229324437,"sku":"","price":6650.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_9c5a35a3-8441-4456-8012-b5ccc1aab892.jpg?v=1730212470"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မြန်မာလောကွတ်၂၀၀၄စာစု","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Myanmar World 2004 Collection","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMyanmar History Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e When Europeans came to the major Asian countries like India and China for political and economic reasons, they needed to know the geography and history of the region they were visiting. The reason they came was...\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (1) To serve as a Christian missionary.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(2) To serve (as mercenaries) for the kings of various Asian countries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (3) To trade.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (4) To seize territory and establish a military state.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you conquer a territory, you have to take on the responsibility of administration. They really want to avoid that responsibility. In terms of business, if you know the historical background of those people, if you know their language, it will be very easy to communicate with them. So they study the history of the country. They want to pass on everything they know to the people who will come after them and take over their business. That is why they study the politics, society, economy, customs and beliefs of the Asians as thoroughly as possible and record everything they know. The usual way to do this is to write a book.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOnce you have written a book, you need to determine who it is written for.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (1) Are you someone who just wants to read for knowledge?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (2) For people who are interested in a specific area and already know the basics, but still want to know a little more?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(3) Is he someone who wants to enter a region politically, economically, and religiously to achieve his own goals?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (4) You should carefully evaluate and write about the scholar you want to specialize in.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor those who specialize, “You should write after doing research. It means searching for the source. In the Bagan period stone inscriptions, the Burmese word for omniscience is “seeing and understanding.” Now, the syntax has been slightly modified to “seeing and understanding.” I think the meaning has become a little lighter. When you say knowing, you need to know the cause and effect. In addition, you need to consider how it can be connected to the surrounding environment and how it can be beneficial. It is a reminder that even though it is not that big, it should be as complete as possible. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI use a simple word called RESEARCH to search for perfection like that. It means “finding again.” If I were to explain that word a little more…\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(1) The facts that have already happened (2) have been forgotten for years, (3) it must be rediscovered. (4) When this is rediscovered, it must be as complete as possible. (5) So that people will know more than they already know. (6) Whatever people know now, they will correct the mistakes. (7) Fill in the gaps, (8) How to use the knowledge that has been supplemented in this way to benefit them, (9) Note who among the people who discovered it first discovered this knowledge, (10) Make the technology he finds his own and allow him to enjoy money, position, and wealth as a reward, (11) Write and distribute papers, pamphlets, and books to benefit the public. For these reasons, people are encouraged to do research. But they do not think that my research will be profitable for me. The satisfaction of my work is profit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHow to write the English word RESEARCH in Burmese was thought about around 1900. The original meaning of the word is to search again, and\u003c\/span\u003e DISCOVERY \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edoes not mean to find again. It means to find a way to use it, to try to find a more useful way than the previous way of using it. Therefore, let's think about whether it means to invent a new way of using something based on something, or to combine it and invent it. Another thing to say is to plan to use what is already known widely. If the person doing the research is a teacher, it can be easily used. Let me give an example to make these points clear.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI decided to go to the University of London, Oriental and African Studies, and write about Buddhism in the Pagan period of Burma.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. There is a document called “Sasana Lankara” written by Raja Sangha.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 2. I will prepare and complete that book.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 3. We will use stone inscriptions from the Bagan period to create a series of illustrations, cut-out and fill-in designs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4. Two years of service, additional time may be granted if there is a valid reason. However, it cannot exceed two years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 5. I will write in English, will it be possible to write a book in English?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e6. Where is the teacher to guide me? There is no teacher, no teacher to see, no teacher to hear. There can be a teacher to see. I read and imitate the writing style of Ceylonese Buddhism, Thai Buddhism, Middle Eastern Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Japanese Buddhism, Korean Buddhism, Christianity, Buddhism, and the teachings of Muhammad for Muslims, and imitate their writing style, their discussion style, and the way they present their content in a profound way. I started on October 22, 1952. On January 4, 1956, after finishing the thesis, the examining committee examined it and awarded me a doctorate. This means that even if it is not very good, it is acceptable for a doctorate. The examining committee approved the publication as submitted. Since this recommendation was the best recommendation, I returned to Burma by sea on the Mira steamer. The ship was delayed for ten days because the dock workers were not working due to the 2500th anniversary of the birth of Buddhism in Ceylon. The ship arrived at Yangon port in Myanmar after a month and ten days. When I tried to publish my book, it was published in the Journal of the Myanmar Research Society, December 1978, Volume 61, Volumes 1 and 2, pages 263.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNow I am over eighty years old. As the age-old ceremonies have become more fashionable, I have visited Taunggyi University, Khyen Sapanglong University, Magway University, Mandalay University, Meiktila University, Monywa University, and the National Archives. After the war, I received a Bachelor of Arts in History from the Mogo Road (Shwe Bon Thar Road) Emergency University in 1946, a Bachelor of Arts in Law in 1948, a Master of Arts in History in 1950, a Ph.D. from the University of London in 1956 \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, and a D.Lit. from the University of London in 1985.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI have been researching ancient Burmese history, writing papers, and writing books, teaching Burmese stone inscriptions to people interested in Burmese history in Myanmar, Japan, England, America, and Canada, and have become a busybody working with Burmese history. Now I am still a teacher, researching ancient Burmese history, and teaching\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epeople who are now pretending to write books for their Ph.D. degrees how to do research without being pretentious. I have been teaching people who are not as good as me for fifty-four years, so I think of them as “my students.” I get angry because these guys don’t show off their behavior. When I greet someone who says, “I’m fine, teacher,” I say, “I’m fine, I’m not sorry.” You could interpret this as, “This old man is over 80, so he’s a kid again.” “He’s crazy.” I don’t care. It’s true that I want to shout and curse. They are at least 25 years older than me, so they won’t get angry if I curse. Besides not cursing, I would like to talk about ancient Burmese history research if I get the chance. I don’t care about cursing, and I remember that even if I know a little about what research is, it’s good to talk about it. The kind of writing we write should be put in a research journal. Since there is no research journal anymore, we only write in books like film songs and poems. The scholarship fee used to be 5 kyats, now it’s 2,000 kyats, which is enough for a good meal. That is the meditation on deathlessness. It is a constant source of joy. Now I will talk about the research on ancient Burmese history. I will talk briefly. I also told the students, \"I am so sad to hear my voice again.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1. Choose a topic that no one knows yet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 2. Find evidence about it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e3. Improve your ability to use evidence. This means that if you are fluent in French, Chinese, or English, you will be able to read and take notes on evidence. I mean, you will be able to organize your notes and write down what comes first, what comes last, how it started, what happened, and what the consequences were.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4. If it's a topic that someone else has already written, you should base it on their writing, correct their mistakes, fill in what they lack, and make it better than others.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e I would like to use an example of what I have done myself to illustrate these points.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI went to London University for my Ph.D. as a government scholar sent by Burma. I was sent, but I didn’t believe it. After arriving in England, I went to Yugoslavia and never returned to Burma. I was also a member of Than Htun Communist Party, which was the chairman of the All Burma Students’ Union. I also fought against the fascists in my own town and village. I was a district leader in the anti-fascist movement. So I pretended to be in academia temporarily, and I thought that politics was my passion and my choice, so I would go back to politics. But I didn’t. These were things I did when I was in my twenties. Now, I’m in my eighties, and I won’t do politics. If I do what I can for the country, then yes.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe topic I chose for my Ph.D. is “Buddhism in Myanmar.” There is the “Sasaṇa Lingāra Kyaṇa” written by Raja Sankha, and\u003c\/span\u003e there is the \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e“Pali Literature of Burma” written\u003c\/span\u003e in English by Mabel Bode \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e16:1\u003c\/span\u003e sargscą Niharajam Ray 697:09 “ \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMyanmar Pali Buddhism”, “Thekāta Buddhism”, and there\u003c\/span\u003e are U Pe Maung Tin, who are very famous and famous in Myanmar ancient history, and Saya Pe’s brother-in-law GH. Luce \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, and ask yourself whether you can be better than them. I also asked myself this question. Saya\u003c\/span\u003e Luce \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eopened the way. There are nearly six hundred and ten ancient Burmese stone inscriptions in number. What is not included in their writings is written in the five volumes of “Traditional Burmese Stone Inscriptions” that I am talking about now. Although it is not easy to read and understand them,\u003c\/span\u003e people like C. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.\u003c\/span\u003e Blagdon \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003etried to read and interpret the inscriptions on four Pyu bone urns inscribed around the first century AD.\u003c\/span\u003e Ray \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ewrote the Buddhist Book and served as an advisor to the Sixth Myanmar Council for over a year, Two years later, he became a senior teacher.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHLShorto \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ecame with the Allied forces after World War II and studied old Mon and middle Mon writings and is working on a Mon-English dictionary.\u003c\/span\u003e W. Dunn, HFSearl \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eare working on a Burmese-English dictionary. You are Burmese. You are better than them. The papers and books they wrote were written before World War II and a year or two after the war. You are writing ten years after the war. You should be able to correct their mistakes. You should be able to fill in the gaps in their books. The books you wrote in English are not very big. They speak English from birth. You started learning English when you were six years old. Only six years apart. You really have to make up for that six-year gap.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569231716501,"sku":"","price":2700.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_42a0cdff-8db6-47b7-9934-80ab2a78ba61.jpg?v=1730212525"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မြန်မာ့အိုးသမိုင်း","title":"Dr. Than Tun - History of Burmese pottery","description":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHistory of Burmese pottery (1)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(This paper was read at the Kanthasaeng Lei Anniversary Ceremony on 10 September 1972, chaired by U Wun). | \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA pot cannot be filled with water unless it is fired. The person who invented it to be filled with water is human. Therefore, it is necessary to study as much as possible the situation in Myanmar and Southeast Asia to find out when people first created pots.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eArchaeological excavations in West Asia and neighboring countries have revealed when pottery was first used in their regions. It was previously thought that pottery appeared after the Neolithic period. Now, there are places where pottery was used even before the advent of agriculture. At Jericho, there were no pots at all in the early days of food production. The earliest use of pottery in those places is about 8800 BC. The pottery wheel is not earlier than 5250 BC. Glazed pottery does not appear until about 2900 BC. These dates are for West Asia. Recent excavations in Southeast Asia have shown a similar pattern.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe development of the stage of food foraging to the stage of food production in West Asia and Southeast Asia is not the same. Therefore, some scholars who study Southeast Asia alone believe that the terms Old Stone Age, Middle Stone Age, and New Stone Age should not be used to describe the development of West Asian society. They present a new picture of the development of Southeast Asia, adding new names at the same time. The period from ancient times to 42,000 years ago \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eis called the Lithic Stone Age. At that time, only simple stone tools were made and used.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNext, the period from 42,000 to 22,000 years ago \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eis called the Lignic Period. During this time, people used only wooden weapons. Among the wooden weapons, there were also many bamboo weapons.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThen, from 22,000 to 10,000 BC \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, we call the Crystallitic period. This is because people in Southeast Asia lost contact with each other and developed their own distinct cultures and traditions. During this period, starting around 22,000 BC, they began to choose and plant plants that would grow in their own places. They also domesticated animals that were easy to raise. In addition to wooden weapons, they also used moderately polished stone weapons. By 15,000 BC, pottery was being made and used. By 12,000 BC, agriculture was widespread.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAfter the sub-regional period, the Extensional period \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ebegan. From 10,000 to 2000 years ago, people were able to come out of their caves. The harsh climates that had been there before gradually became more moderate and became the climate of today. Therefore, there was no need for caves anymore.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough the art of making pots dates back to 15,000 years ago, the art of making pots with flowers dates back to 9,000 years ago. The reason it took so long to advance from one level to the next is because places like Myanmar did not have pots. The forests of Myanmar are rich in bamboo. Bamboo poles are also easy to use. Bamboo poles and bamboo baskets were used for both carrying water and storing water. That is why, even before the cultivation of rice began about 8,000 years ago, if you want to cook rice, you can think of bamboo poles. Even today, when cooking sticky rice, bamboo poles are still used. Copper pots were first used about 7,600 years ago. However, because this metal was not widely available, copper pots could not be widely used everywhere. Clay pots continued to be used until the emergence of rice cookers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn all of Southeast Asia, during the period of expansion that we are talking about, there were no very large cities. There were no very powerful emperors. There were no large and strong fortresses anywhere from 4,000 to 3,000 years ago. Therefore, there were no major wars in Southeast Asia at that time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAt the beginning of the Christian era, the period of Conflicting Empires \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eemerged. Politically, India, China, and some European countries invaded Southeast Asia. Their customs also invaded. Therefore, this period is called the Conflicting Empires. At that time, the art of pottery glazing, as a foreign art, appeared in Myanmar. In fact, it was not until the 11th century AD that pottery was widely used in Myanmar. A word of caution must be said here. The above-mentioned era divisions and the dates of the beginning of the art are only provisional decisions.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf we think about why pots were used, we can guess when they were first used. First, when the production of goods increased due to the good tools and equipment, there was a need to store them. Due to the system of exploitation of people, there were people who had an abundance of goods. That person tried to store them. The second thing to consider is that people have come down from the caves in the mountains to the plains because the weather is not so bad. When they were in the mountains, bamboo poles were the best for carrying water, but since they were built on the riverbanks, they were easy to break, but they wanted to use clay pots. Third, it is said that since it was early on, they found very beautiful pots, so it can be said that the profession of potter was already there. It can be said that there were people who specialized in making pots. Finally, I would like to point out that these potters lived in river basins where there was good clay. Villages were built on the riverbanks. This is estimated to be 9,000 years ago.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou can't just dry the pot in the sun and add water. You can add water when you bake it at 500 degrees Celsius. But even if you heat it to 1150 degrees Celsius, it will still leak a little. Only after glazing can you get a good amount of water. In West Asia, glazing has been practiced for 2900 years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople don't glaze drinking water pots. If the drinking water pot is wet outside and drops of water fall down, they are very happy. I think the water is cooler. I also fill it up once a day and use it, so it doesn't matter if it leaks. If you store oil or pickle vegetables, you can't tolerate this kind of leakage. You have to use only glazed pots. Therefore, it is important to know when the art of glazing began in Myanmar. This art was practiced very late. As mentioned earlier, the art of glazing appeared in the 11th century AD. The archaeological research department has been able to dig up pots from more than 2,000 years ago. This age can be estimated by finding them together with polished stone tools.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe excavation site is around the Taungthaman Inhar, the Eighteenth Monastery and the Mahagandharon Monastery in Amarapura. February 1971 The shape of the pot is also beautiful. The design is also advanced. So it can be assumed that the culture of the Taungthaman people was also high. To say exactly when and when these people flourished, we must wait for the answer of the carbon (14) date. But what can be a clue is that some of these pots found in the tombs also have iron blades. The Pishano burial pot also has iron blades. If the Pishano is considered to be from the 1st to 5th centuries AD, the Taungthaman is a little earlier. I think it should be 1st century BC (before Christ).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569225752725,"sku":"","price":1350.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_8bda5bff-4ef5-4c28-b402-5364311391fc.jpg?v=1730212560"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မြန်မာ့လူငယ်အသံ","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Myanmar Youth Voice","description":"\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe University Act Inquiry Committee\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRegarding the report\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAppointed by the All Myanmar Students Union\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUniversity Preparation Committee Report\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1. The report of the University Act Amendment Committee headed by Sir Myabu was released in the first week of May. The Second All-Burma Students Conference held in Mandalay on May 9th and 10th entrusted the formation of a University Act Amendment Committee to work on the reform of this university to the Executive Committee of this Student Union. Since the Executive Committee of the Student Union was closed, it was only in mid-June that we were able to meet to appoint this University Amendment Committee. Our University Act Amendment Committee, which was appointed, met and consulted soon after its appointment. The University Council regarding the Myabu Committee will also be convened in July, and we have asked for proposals for that Council to be submitted by June 30th. The government has also announced that it will accept proposals regarding the Myabu Committee until June 30th. Therefore, our Committee has to sit and deliberate every day. We cannot examine the details of the Myabu Committee report, but we are all of the same mind on the main principles. All we have to think about is what everyone agrees on.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. We find that we disagree with the Myabu Committee on many important points regarding the report. However, we do not need to criticize every minor point in the Myabu Committee report, but only consider the important recommendations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e3. The university students are particularly dissatisfied with the Myabu Committee report. We believe that if our opinions, especially those regarding the need to include more university officials and non-government officials in the university council and the two-way communication between universities and colleges, are incorporated into the new University Act, it will be acceptable to the country and the students.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4. It is regrettable that the paragraphs and recommendations in the Myabu Committee report are not numbered, making it difficult to reference.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e5. We have long considered the question of whether the University of Yangon should be a university of letters or a university of boarding and lodging. For us, we do not care about the name, and any university is always subject to the conditions of the country in which it is located. However, in considering the new management of the university, we cannot ignore its current situation. If we examine carefully, we will find that the University of Yangon is now neither a university nor a boarding and lodging school, but that students are taught entirely in colleges. Occasionally, some colleges offer joint courses to students for the sake of economy and convenience. In addition, many students are home-schooled. However, as I have said, we do not care about the name, and we will only consider how to improve the university in the present situation. -\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e6. In general, we want Yangon University to remain as it is now. We agree with the Myabu Committee’s statement that capable students want to live and eat in the school. We also agree with the suggestion that more scholarships should be given to poor and deserving students for those who cannot afford it and that the Department of Education should provide support to deserving teachers. We also urge that funds be raised to help other poor and deserving students. However, even if this is done, it will not be enough for all deserving poor students.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e7. Therefore, we believe that the only way to provide all poor students with access to university education is to allow other students to sit for all the regular university examinations after the last university examination and after the end of the period of study for students in colleges. Therefore, in accordance with the above-mentioned method and the rules that will be laid down: 1. Every student admitted to the university shall be allowed to sit for the undergraduate examination free of charge, and shall be allowed to sit for the degree examination after the prescribed time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. Anyone who has passed the pre-university examination and obtained a license from a government medical school, government vocational school, or BOC college, after working as a doctor or mechanical engineer for 3 years, will be allowed to take the MBBS examination and the BSc in engineering examination (If such students who have passed the MBBS are not recognized by the British Medical Council, please inquire as to how they will be recognized).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e8. In addition to the above rules, the following rules may be set for all or some of the free students as desired.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1. To require students to submit a certificate of completion of the practical work required for the degree or diploma in a recognized laboratory or to spend half the time at the university to teach the practical work as compared to other students.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. A registration list should be kept for non-college students who are taking the exam on their own and their names should be registered three months before the exam.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e If such rules are in place, we believe that our above ideas for free education will not be possible.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e9. We also urge the removal of Regulation No. 9, Section 6 and similar provisions in the Universities Act, stating that any college student who has completed the required course of study in due time, whether he has completed 2 years, 1 year or has not taken the examination at all, should be allowed to sit for the examination. In this regard, we do not consider the recommendation of the Committee that students who have completed one year should be allowed to sit for the examination. It is not reasonable to assume that a student should have to take another year of the examination in order to sit for the examination as long as he has completed the required course of study in due time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e10. There are two reasons why students who take free exams should not be allowed. The first reason is that such a right would reduce the quality of university education. We believe that this opinion is completely wrong. The university can set its own grades as it wishes. Anyone who takes free exams or takes them as a college student should be able to get that grade. Therefore, it is very clear that free exams that meet such grades should be awarded a degree. As long as the grades of such university exams are high, allowing free exams will not in any way reduce the quality and cheapen university degrees. If university teachers teach free exams by correspondence or in their free time, they will be relieved of their university duties. If such teaching is specifically prohibited, it is difficult to imagine how the quality of university education would be diminished by allowing those who take free tests. We would like to ask those who think this to provide a clear and concise explanation without further ado.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e11. We are now advising that many students will not come to college. This is because the large and luxurious buildings, the entertainment, the games, the living and the learning events, all attract every student and their parents, so it is inevitable that everyone who can afford it will come to college. In this case, the university does not see any loss in allowing those who are free to do so.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e12. Besides this, allowing such independent candidates would be likely to encourage many people who want to advance in the government or other sectors, who have jobs and support, to pursue higher education. Only those who cannot afford such money and want to pursue higher education would be independent candidates. If the university entrance exam is high, the independent candidates who pass the exam are more qualified than the average person. In considering these suggestions, it should be noted that there is only one University in Myanmar, Yangon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e13. As mentioned above, students who can afford to live in a prestigious university will be boarding students. In fact, many students who have parents in Yangon would like to live in boarding schools. But what about students who do not want to? While students living with their parents in Yangon are accepted as homestay students, we have seen students living with relatives being forced to live in boarding schools from time to time. We believe that living in the city is cheaper and the food and drink is no worse than in colleges. Therefore, students living with their parents in Yangon, as well as all students studying for BA and B.Sc. degrees, are entitled to live in the city if their parents or guardians give them written notice.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e14. We consider that the University is entitled to elect its Chancellor, either from among its own members or from among those who are active in the foreign and educational spheres, and that, as the University is a self-governing institution, it is particularly appropriate for it to be able to appoint as its chief patron such person as it wishes, and that the Chancellor so elected will be more closely acquainted with and interested in the affairs of the University than the Governor. Furthermore, if at any time the University and the present Government are in dispute, the Chancellor so elected will speak for the University. If the Governor is the Chancellor, he will have reason to remain neutral and on the side of the present Government.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e15. The Myabu Committee discussed the issue of whether the University Council has any authority over the relationship between universities and colleges in reports 13 and 14 and then 26 to 28. In this discussion, the Myabu Committee stated that the statement that the University Council has no authority is baseless, and by supporting this statement, it is clear that the members of the Myabu Committee do not know the internal affairs of the university well. The fact that the University Council has no authority is not just an opinion, but a real fact. According to one conclusion of the current Vice-Chancellor, these elders cannot ask questions at the meetings of the University Council. According to another conclusion, the decisions of the University Council are only “recommendations” to the Senate and the college administrations, and are not responsible for the Senate and the college administrations in any way.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569228439701,"sku":"","price":8550.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_e590a1ef-446a-40a2-8a97-793c202e4408.jpg?v=1730212594"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မန္တလေးဖြစ်အမျိုးသားစိတ်ဓတ်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Mandalay's National Spirit","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMandalay national spirit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Dr. Than Tun\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn almost every house, there are piles of old papers that no one takes care of, but they are safe. If they are not dead, they are documents and newspapers and magazines from the era of our grandfathers, who would be over 70 now, the age of the Lu La Mrung, the GCBA, and the 20s. They are at the stage where they are yellowing and falling apart. They are near the altar. No one considers them very important. But they are not sent to the stage of completely throwing them away. These items are actually the things that our grandfathers collected. Our father used to tell us not to play with them. Now, when our children are adults, they are old papers that we forget about and don't remember. In other words, they are the valuable things of the original collector, \"For the father of the son who inherited the inheritance,\" the grandson who inherited it through the inheritance is garbage. I \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003egave it to him on a permanent loan. I was to keep his belongings. In this way, many historical records came into my hands. The books that will be used for this paper are in this way. Those books\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA....\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. Myanmar Association Biography, Mandalay 84th Street | \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCommercial Printing House, September 1921 (collectively printed by C.P. Khin Maung).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n \u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. The decisions of the Ninth All-Burma Conference and the biography of the wise U Kyaw Yan, who was the first person in Burma to return the title of \"Athlete of the Nation\" (ATM) to the government, Mandalay, Tain Chit Myanmar Newspaper Printing House, December 1921.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n \u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e3. The Voice of young Burma (The reproduction of the articles published by the Publicity Bureau of the University Boycotters), Rangoon, New Burma Press, \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e142\u003c\/span\u003e , Montgomery Street, January\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4. Ba U, U. A brief history of the boycott of the Rangoon University Act of 1282 and the emergence of Myanmar National Day. Rangoon, Aung Thiri Sa Printing House, 210 C, Luisa Street. November 1905.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n \u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e5. Mandalay Central Journal from 1-1-1921 to 21-5-1921. Using these books, the history of Mandalay in the past fifty years can be traced from corner to corner. It would be more accurate to call this little piece of history “in the trash.” GCBA (General Council of Buddhist Associations) a guioacalcomo odos \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen the National Burmese Federation of Buddhist Associations learned that the ninth biennial meeting would be held in Mandalay from 21 October 1921, CP U Khin Maung collected a book called the At-Kap-Patti of the Burmese Associations and printed it in Mandalay. It can be assumed that they were ready to buy and read when the biennial meeting called the conference was held.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs you can see in this book,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. The first event was held in Yangon in 1911.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 2. The second event was held in Yangon three years later, in 1914. It has been held annually since then.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 3. 1915 - Mandalay.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 4. 1916 - Hinthada.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 5. 1917 - Pyinmana.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 6. 1918 - Mawlamyine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 7. 1919 - Pathein.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 8. 1920 - Land\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt was held regularly. Therefore, the paper compiled by CP U Khin Maung is, in other words, a ten-year survey of the GCBA from 1911 to 1922. CP U Khin Maung thinks that it will be useful to know what the association aims to do, what points are decided, how decisions are made, how much has been achieved and how much is still to be achieved. He has already opened a school called “Political Education School”. The school advertisement is on the cover of the book, along with how to form an association, how to preach an association, how to conduct an association, and how to understand various political sciences such as Homer and Diarchy. If you want to know everything, you can order it by sending it to the post office for only three postage stamps. Please take a look at it soon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eC.P. Khin Maung\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Commercial printing house\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 84, Tram Road, Mandalay,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e I found it. I think it will be used in his school.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569234370709,"sku":"","price":450.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_997112af-c348-47ce-bb44-f41ade150e3a.jpg?v=1730212631"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ပုဂံလက်သစ်နှင့်ပုဂံအနုပညာတန်ဖိုးထိန်းရန်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - To preserve the value of modern Bagan and Bagan art","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMiddle cave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (478\/278 B) The throne in the middle cave of the three Min Nan Thu pagodas was damaged, so an unknown person repaired it on (28 March) 1434.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDiscarded jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(1203\/549) The southern wall of the East Pavilion was painted with lime and a pair of Buddha footprints were painted on (14 January 1575). At about the same time, the northern wall of the East Pavilion was painted with lime and garlands were painted in color. The eastern wall of the North Pavilion was also painted with lime and garlands twice. Various flower patterns were painted in color on the western wall of the South Pavilion. The image on the left wall of the entrance to the Garbanggara (middle building) was destroyed by the monks and had to be repaired twice. The person who repaired the damage with such great zeal was Min Yan Aung. All the renovations and painting in the Apyayan Cave for more than half of the 16th century were his responsibility.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eU Sot Pan\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (207\/1374) Taungba 6, One Buddha image was painted on 9 May 1733 and a pitan (roof) was drawn on top. Another one was “renovated” on 29 May 1733.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUpalithem\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(2121\/1416) The walls were plastered and painted with new paint by order of King Padon (1782-1819). It is said that the cost of one pisas of silver was twenty kyats. The date of the painting was 4 March 1794. There is an inscription on the wall outside the north cave outside the Upalithein that says that it was completed within a year. This inscription was written by U Tun Hlaing (the late writer Shwe Kaing Thar, also known as U Sobita) in his notebook. All the paintings and inscriptions on the plaster of the cave walls were destroyed in the earthquake of 8 July 1975.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (1219\/555) The Myint Ka Pa Ko Tin Trool was buried on 15 December 1223, and the cave is also called Tin Trool Pagoda.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKhemvaragu\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (367\/244) On April 17, 1759, Maha Thera Khemawara renovated the Wat Gyi Inn to make it completely new, and this cave was also named Khemawara Pagoda.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(Tamani 1129, 478 Ka, Sari Village) Thera Panthaku gave the image a “new face” on 25 March 1212.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The three statues near That Soe Mountain (where the gate faces west) were repaired by an unknown craftsman on 15 July 1429.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(Dawgyi 1496\/819) The image in Bagan was renovated by Pitaka Soe Dawgyi Sirinyana (18 February 1626).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (1895\/1192) Taungbi, Five-Faced Pagoda (1831\/1129) One of the three western pagodas was renovated by Pinthaku Thera (25 March 1212).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBig cave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(298\/197a) Some scenes from the Great Pig, Five Hundred and Fifty \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, were cut out of plaster for a museum in Germany by TH. H. Thomann and five others. When they were cut, they were placed on a newspaper to keep the plaster in place.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe old one was glued on. When it was forbidden to continue, the newspaper was stuck on the box ready to be removed \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eand it was found that it was Evening Time Glasgow Saturday 18 March 1899. The newspaper must have been published several weeks earlier. However, for the sake of simplicity, the date of the German theft was given as 18 March 1899. This was mentioned in the report of U Nyein Maung, who wrote in 24 June 1958.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGautama Buddha\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (176\/136) The statues of Nyaung Oo Pagoda at Nyaung Pit Taung Monastery were renovated by U Htun Lin, U Aung Tha and Maung Htay on (13 April) 1891.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e7 Five-faced Cave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(566) Min Nanthu (south), the eastern wall of the entrance arch of the south gate was decorated by Taungku Taungdwin Min Saya (31 October 1442). The other was decorated by Min Gangathu on 20 August 1623.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBird-shooting mountain pagoda\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(176\/136) The statues were damaged by the monks and were repaired by the Venerable Ngampittaung Maha Thera, who received donations and began to repair them on 12 February 1401 and completed them on 27 April 1401. Twelve Dayakas and Dayikamas were assigned to repair them one by one. Their names were Nga Aung Myint, Nga Kaw Tu, Mae Sa, O Thalat, Nga Sat, Nga Su, Sulamani Maha Thera, Nga Swe Nin, O Swe Min, Nyan On, On Nye Ma and On Nye Lat.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSula Muni\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(748\/364) The image in the upper garbangar (temple) was renovated by the Shwe Kyaung Maik Thera (8 December 1299). The paintings on the west wall of the north corridor on the ground floor were plastered and the Dhammarajaka Pagoda was painted by Satturangabala on 2 August 1317. If this Pagoda painting can be found, it will be possible to verify whether or not, as U Ba Tint (23 February 1995) said, the artists of the late Bagan period used to draw with distance. The monk Nandasila painted three Buddha images with the corresponding Bodhi tree on the north corridor wall of the Sula Muni on 17 October 1778. A disciple of the Ko Kyaung Tay Varadham also painted the Psaya wall below the north corridor (1)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569236598933,"sku":"","price":7125.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/001_0f5c3eb8-cf47-4aba-8ebd-40e413094e29.jpg?v=1770807510"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-နှစ်ဆယ့်တစ်ရာစုနှစ်မြန်မာ့အလားအလာ၂၀၀ပြည့်နှစ်စာစု","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Myanmar's Prospects for the Twenty-First Century, 2000 Yearbook","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMyanmar's prospects in the twenty-first century\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Year 647 (March 27, 1286), grass\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The year is 2000. The land is west of the Hlija.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The Lord is the one who\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The great prince, Ko Nin Daing\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Know the customs of China\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e He said, \"Oh my God!\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The infinite and great possession is called Ananta Pisi. This\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The matter is serious. Only Tumba can be released.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is not. The auspicious turtle is the one\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e It is not wind. The sage has a blue lotus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e I can serve you in the middle of the night. This is what I said.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e I am your friend, I am your friend.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (Figure 271 1-6, Nyein 3, 1983, 141)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen the Mongol invasion arrived, the Chinese exiled king left Bagan and was hiding in the western part of Pyay (Sri Kshetra) in Hle Kyaw, and summoned his ministers Ananta Pisi and Maha Pow to go and see the prospects of China. They did not go. In order not to anger the king, he presented four points.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. This is a very big issue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. There is no one who can match you up to satisfy both parties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 3. There was no one who could write gold letters on the golden scroll to the satisfaction of Emperor Kublai Khan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 4. It is possible if you ask the Shindisa Paromokkha. They are so scared that they call the king and ask him. If you ask what the possibility is -\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1. How strong is the enemy?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. What is a weapon that is worthy of respect?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 3. What do they want that they have come with such a large army?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 4. If I give you what you want, will you come back or stay?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 5. Will you follow me to the shore to catch me? I don't dare to go to the bottom of the sea. I have to climb the western wall. Will you follow me to the mountains?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 6. It's not over with the general here. Do you have to ascend to the emperor?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e7. Can you convince the emperor?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Okay, without further ado, let's move on.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe person who wrote about the situation in 2004 in a way that (1) made it clear, (2) made it possible to relate the causes and effects, and (3) made it easy to enjoy \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ewas HG Well. Before World War II, when he visited Burma, he met writers in Mandalay. He was a writer. When I said that I had written more than thirty books, Mya Myo Lwin said that he had written more than three hundred, and he was defeated. We were in university in August 1939, a year after the death of Bo Aung Kyaw (died December 22, 1938), and in English class, I studied Well's\u003c\/span\u003e novel The Time \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMachine\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. He wrote so well that I read all the books he wrote. There were only about thirty. When I read it, I was surprised at him. I was surprised at Mya Myo Lwin too. I also bought and collected the books he wrote. It was sixty years ago, and I started discussing them. In 2004, I was worried that if I pulled the book off the shelf, it would rot and fall. I think I remember how he talked about the future.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1. The bloodsucker class and the bloodsucker class have become significantly separated, with the bloodsuckers living in tall buildings, wide streets, and pleasant gardens above ground. The bloodsuckers live underground in machines. They do whatever they are told. They are dark, have bulging eyes, and are nocturnal creatures like owls.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. There is no light on the ground, and there is no light underground. The people on the ground are very afraid of the dark, so they form groups. What they do is that the people underground come up and catch them as they slip away and eat them.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e3. On the ground, there are huge buildings, large halls, many large doors, libraries, museums, classrooms, lecture halls, laboratories, full of books, documents, equipment, but nothing is usable. They are broken, they are not spared, and the quality is as poor as the people.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4. What kind of life are people on earth living in? Science has become so successful that people have become weak. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith the advent of the rice cooker, people can no longer light fires. They can no longer live in the forest.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWithout tissue paper, life in this world would be impossible. We are all like children, not doing anything, not holding hands. We will laugh, be happy, we will be together. We will sleep, eat, and not think seriously about anything. We have food. We will endure days and days without exerting any effort. We do not need medicine. If these people do not die, what kind of people will die? We can do nothing, we cannot even tell the male from the female. We are weak, we jump, we run, we laugh, we have followers, we have no leader, have you seen? Now, if there are not enough young boys and girls, if they meet a wolf, the sheep will die. If we talk about it, the whole nation, the whole city will do nothing but die. Well, you've seen, heard, and read the prediction of William Wells (1866-1946) in 1904, a hundred years in advance, from 2004 to 2004. How much is right and how much is wrong? Surprisingly, many are right. The English sucked blood early. Even when the empire was about to collapse, it was said that\u003c\/span\u003e 'British Empire hastily becomes a Commonwealth when England has nothing to share.' saiagoas: gos@tmp\/cop \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe empire has been stagnant for fifty years. Is it going to be another disaster? It's far away. Let's talk about others. Let's continue about Myanmar. Everyone knows that we step forward on our hind legs. Look at our hind legs. \"There is no happiness\". When talking about the country, it would be better to divide it into four parts. First, we should talk about society. If people's morals are so bad, what good will the \"prospects\" be? That is, everyone should be careful not to steal, not to kill, not to commit adultery, not to lie, and not to get drunk. Without respecting these, we say what is right and seek profit for ourselves. If there is something to kill, we will kill. If there are many people who are looking for a place to steal and steal, if the basic principles are so broken, how good will it be going forward? Look at the economy. Is there anything else to say?\u003c\/span\u003e George Orwell \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eand 1984 are stretched out. Let's check out 1994 and 2004. Look at the history of the next tradition. How do people understand the monk Hiriotappa? If you are ashamed or afraid to do something bad, it is right. If you are ashamed or afraid to do something wrong, the result will be wrong. If you think about it simply and easily, the answer will be: What is a medal? If you say that everything is good, it must be good. You should also examine the situation of young people in detail and find a solution. To do this, you need statistics. In the Japanese era, young people sang, “The young people of today will be the leaders of the future.”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA person born in 1900 became an elder in 1940, a person born in 1920 became an elder in 1960. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUse them as milestones to assess whether they are progressing or regressing. Calculate the future. It is more important to increase the overall growth than to increase the individual growth. I want to examine this and present the results.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUsing the historical method, we divide the 20th century into ten decades, such as 1900-1909, 1910-1919, 1920-1929,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eand write down the political, social, and economic trends in these decades. The information we get there\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eis the cause. What will happen based on this\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eis the result. Then we can say what will happen in the future. Many\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eJanuary, 2000\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e Poetry\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569238171797,"sku":"","price":5700.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_28197307-7d24-44df-be1d-2a5b3a15fc2f.jpg?v=1730212672"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-တတိယမျက်လုံး","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Third Eye","description":"\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (1)\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen I was young, I was at my parents' house.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \"Hey, hey, I'm a four-year-old, I can't sit still on a horse. You're not a stubborn person, are you?\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e As he said this, the old man spat and kicked the saddle of the horse I was riding. The more the horse spooked, the more trouble I was in.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe golden hills and peaks of the Paudel Monastery were shining brightly in the sunlight. The blue water of the Nagaraja Monastery pond was also rippled by wild ducks. Along the stone path in the distance, I could hear the slow-moving sound of the oxen coming out of the lamasery, bellowing. Nearby, the sound of the monks practicing their instruments was heart-pounding.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBut I don't have time for these daily little extracurricular activities. I'm currently trying very hard not to fall off my horse. My horse, named Nakim, is also a bit of a jerk. He doesn't want to be on his back, he just wants to be free to eat grass. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHe wants to be on his phone, kicking and rolling.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOld Tzu is a man who speaks little and is strict with his rules and commands his subordinates without any mercy. He has been a tough man all his life. He can tame a four-year-old. He can teach him to ride a horse. He would be the most terrible person to do such a thing. A real Khan. They usually choose their subordinates because they are big and strong. They are about seven feet tall. They are also tall in proportion to their height. They wear thick cotton and loose clothes, so \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethey look much bigger than they really are. Their homeland is eastern Tibet. These subordinates are also tall and strong. They are often deliberately selected and appointed as the (guard) of the monks in lamaseries. They have thick cotton on their shoulders, which makes them look even bigger. They are also blackened and their faces are very scary. The long staff is their weapon. So the person who is beaten must feel uncomfortable. They are not people who are quick to hit and slow to get away.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOld Tzu had also served as a monk in the past. The British invaded Tibet in 1904. The army led by Colonel Young Jospin fired artillery and killed many people. It was believed that this would improve relations with Tibet. Old Tzu was also among the soldiers at that time. His left leg was paralyzed due to a slight dislocation of his hip. So he had to retire from military service and become a guardian of the young prince. He hated the job of babysitting.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMy father is an important person in the Tibetan government. My mother's family is one of the top ten families in Tibet. So my parents are influential. They are in the country. Next time I'll talk to you about how the Tibetan government is run.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMy father was a big man. He was about six feet tall. I heard he was very strong. When he was young, \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehe could lift a horse off the ground. I once defeated and killed the strong man from Khannam, the one I mentioned earlier.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMost Tibetans have dark hair and dark eyes. My father is different. He has dark hair and dark gray eyes. Sometimes, in my opinion, he is not angry, but he is very angry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI was not close to my father. We did not see each other every day. When there was trouble in Tibet, my father and I were not close. When the British invaded in 1904, the Dalai Lama fled to Mongolia. At that time, my father took over the government. The Dalai Lama also visited Beijing at that time. He returned to Nay Pyi Taw in 1909. China also rebelled against the British and attacked Lhasa again in 1910. This time, the Dalai Lama went into hiding in India. When the Chinese rebelled in 1911, the Chinese withdrew from us.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa in 1912. In the absence of the abbot, my father was tired of running the government. My mother said that my father was not as angry as before. He could not find time to spend time with his son and daughter. We never knew what my father was like. My father especially could not look at me. So, as my father used to say, \"For better or for worse, old man Tzu will do as he pleases,\" and I gave up.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Tibetans do not tolerate poor horsemanship. In Tibet, the children of the upper classes are taught to ride horses before they can walk. Since there are no wheels or carriages, it is very important to be skilled in horsemanship. No matter what journey you make, you can only go on foot or on horseback. So the good Tibetans practice riding horses all day long. They can stand on a small wooden saddle on a galloping horse. They can shoot guns while riding. They can also use bows and arrows. When riding in a group, they can jump and change horses. I am four years old, but I can't sit in the saddle all the time. I don't like to be rude to people who are upset.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMy horse, Nekkim, is a long-tailed, long-headed horse, but he is very intelligent. He knows how to make a weak person fall from the saddle. He runs forward quickly and stops when his head hits him. He flies off his head and does a full somersault, and then I fall flat on the ground. He then looks at me with a look of as if I don't know anything. Tibetans don't ride horses very much. When they need exercise, they canter. If they go regularly, they think they are fast.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTibet is a religious country. It does not want to “progress” like other countries around the world. It only wants to examine the Dharma and suppress human greed. The wise people in the country have long known that Westerners have their eyes on the rich resources of our country. They have already calculated that if they come in, peace and prosperity will collapse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI am from Lhasa. We live in a modern and upscale neighborhood called Linqiao. The main road that goes around Lhasa passes through our place. It is also a place where the pagodas are shaded. Pilgrims usually go up the three-story road that passes through here. Our two-story building faces the road. All houses are not allowed to be higher than two stories. This restriction is made so that His Holiness the Dalai Lama does not have to climb up. Since His Holiness only comes out once a year for a festival, almost every house has a temporary wooden tent on the roof of the house. It lasts for at least eleven months.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOur house is made of stone and brick. It is the house where our ancestors lived. The house is in the middle of a square. There is a large garden in the middle of the house. The animals that need to be used in the house, such as horses, are kept on the ground floor. The people are on the upper floor. There are stone steps to go up and down, which is quite convenient. Because in other houses, wooden stairs are placed steeply, or you have to climb up and down on wooden poles with ropes attached to them. If you don't practice climbing, your legs will get bruised. They usually eat food made with butter made from cow's milk, so they hold the butter in their hands and climb down and up, so it is slippery. If you are not careful, you will quickly reach the ground.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen the Chinese came and attacked in 1910, our house was partially destroyed. The inner wall also collapsed. When we repaired it, my father built a four-story building. No one would object to building a four-story building because it would not directly face the street where the Dalai Lama used to walk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe main entrance gate has been covered in soot and smoke for centuries. The Chinese invaders, unable to break down this gate, have broken down the wall and entered the house. At the entrance is the treasurer's office. He can see everyone who comes in and goes out. He manages the household staff. He has the power to hire and fire people. He can also control them. When the Lamas' monastery blows the trumpet at sunset, beggars often come to the house to beg for a meal. Good leaders always give food to the poor in their fields. Sometimes, among those who come to beg are prisoners in chains. There are not many prisons in Tibet. Prisoners have to beg for their own food.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey don't usually condemn those who are in prison. They are punished because they are unlucky. They are not free from their own sins. They are treated with mercy because they have suffered this much because they were wronged.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdjacent to the treasurer's room, on the right, are the rooms of the two resident monks. Two monks are sent out from the monastery in turn to worship on behalf of the household and to bless the household with whatever they do. They are always at home. If you are a little lower in rank, you only need one resident monk. You can ask them for advice on anything. They will pray for you and give you alms. After three years, the old monk returns to his respective monastery and a new monk takes his place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is a temple on each side of the house. The altar is decorated with wooden carvings and is constantly lit. The seven cups of cold water are washed several times a day and filled with fresh water. Since the water is used for drinking, it must be specially purified. The monks in the house eat separately from the household members. Only when they eat well can they pray well. Then they can pray to the gods that this house is full of wealth and happiness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo the left of the treasurer is the legal advisor's room. He advises on all legal matters in the household. Our people have great respect for the law. A man like my father should be a role model in respecting the law.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMy brother Palazo, my sister Yasodhara, and I, the three siblings, live on the farthest side of the house from the road. On the left side of our house is the pagoda. On the right side is the schoolroom. The servants' descendants also come to this room to study. Our lessons are many and varied. We can learn endlessly. We can only learn so much. Brother Palako, this life in this body is not long. Since he was weak from the beginning, his parents treated him harshly, and he died quickly. Before he was seven years old, he went back to the kingdom of the monks. Yasodhara was six years old.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI was four years old at the time. I can still see them carrying his body away. The monks cut his body into pieces and fed it to the crows, as was their custom.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNow that I am the heir to the family, I have to study more than before. I need to be educated to be worthy of the heir. There is no hope for horse riding. My father is also a strict disciplinarian. And since he is a prince related to the school, he strictly disciplines his son to be a model.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn our country, the higher the status of a young prince, the more he has to work hard. Some good people say that a child is a child. They should be given as much as a child is worth. My father is not on this list. My father said that the children of the poor will be poor throughout their lives, so they should be treated with kindness when they are young. The children of the rich are the heirs of wealth, so they are supposed to be kind and compassionate to others when they grow up. The government's policy is the same. In this way, a weak child is a hero. A child who is not a hero will be thrown into prison. No matter how bad the situation in the world is, he will get used to it and will not have to worry about death anymore.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTzu was sitting at the entrance to the lower level. Having served as a monk for many years, he had to deal with many people. Now he would not be far from people. He was close to his place and the stables. Father's horses and all the other animals that he worked with were all around him. The grooms hated Tzu. They didn't like him coming in and managing things. When Father went out, six uniformed soldiers would guard him. Tzu inspected and criticized the uniforms of the soldiers. They made sure that everyone was in good shape. The soldiers didn't like that either.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese six warriors, ready on horseback, lined up against the wall.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46922811932821,"sku":null,"price":9025.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_478f4b13-eb90-496e-af1c-1e5546ee6644.jpg?v=1730212694"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ဂျပန်မှုထပ်တစ်ရာ","title":"Dr. Than Tun - One Hundred Japanese Crimes","description":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOrder\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e I thought that when I finished writing a book about Japan, I couldn't finish it in 1975, and I thought that if I published a second volume, the audience would be happy to receive it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe stories should include not only material but also ideas, and when they are presented together, people will see Japan in a new way. I think the questions of whether it is really like this or that will be less. You will see Fuji rice mixed with geisha dancing and cherry blossoms. Look at the table of contents. (If you think about it a little, you will understand.) When the topics are presented together, you will see that the Buddha festival and the spring are inseparable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe way the topics are arranged in this book is different from each other, but they are all connected and related. The result is that when you do this, you will see that the old becomes new. Foreigners will also see their own “traditions” in a new light.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs in the previous book, I asked foreigners to write about Japan. I wanted to see it from a new perspective. When I asked foreigners to look at how we do things and tell me what they think, I think they would say that these people are still stuck in the old ways of thinking and thinking. But it doesn't have to be this way or that way. It's clear that it's the same with the foreign reader.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the first part, I mentioned that when you look at a country that is constantly developing, it seems like it is made of red, yellow, and blue glass, shiny and new, and it seems like it is in reality. However, there are many things that are not considered in the culture of a nation that is dynamic and changing step by step. When choosing whether to include or exclude some new points of view (new perspective), it is also inevitable to be dynamic and mixed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis is not the case with this book, as it is a compilation of all books. The editors of the Japanese Cultural Studies Library admit that they only dared to take the risk and publish a book like this because of the support of the public. I respect the support of the public.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe would like to thank “Klitankahu” for the images, and the Ministry of Communications, Defense Organizations, Metropolitan Police, National Theater, Shogakukan, Japan Tourism Office, Mainichi Newspaper, Sanka Ishinbun, TV Asahi, Southtown Buddhist Sect, Frennel Gallery, Mengei Theater, and the Medicine Bottle Store for the photographs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eJapanese Culture Studies Library\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDecember 1979, Tokyo\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e) Fujisan\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e,\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMount Fuji\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSan here means \"mountain\")\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople often ask where they should go to learn the most about the Japanese. I say, “Climb Mount Fuji with them.” I have climbed it at least ten times. There is a Japanese proverb that says that a person who climbs it more than once is a fool. But I have to answer them with the words of William Blake, “A fool who is repeatedly fooled becomes wise.” Fuji tells us a lot about Japan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs long as I live\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis mountain\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI will continue to praise.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe eighth-century poet Yamabe no Akahito mentioned above is still right. It's also true that they are selling this name. A large bank is also called this name, an ice cream machine is also called this name, a small machine that makes a piece of equipment is also called this name, a playground is also called this name, and despite all this destruction, this name has not diminished.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe peak is 3,776 meters (2,346.8 miles) high, not counting the radar antenna at the top. The mountain has been there since the first Japanese settlers arrived on Kyushu. It has been quietly smoking ever since. The name is thought to come from the Ainu language, which means \"about to explode.\" Pre-Japanese people must have seen it erupt. About 20,000 years ago, the mountain erupted before their eyes, spewing out a huge plume of lava and fire within a week. The west wind blew the plume and fire to one side, causing the mountain to tilt toward the sea. The Japanese who first arrived on the island called their goddess Konohanasakuyahime (Konohanasakuyahime) Road 78: scossacz caTolosi osos She is related to the SunGoddess and is also related to the Japanese Emperor. (If you don't believe me, go up the mountain.) You can see the sunrise in the morning. Just hearing the name Fu makes you feel strong and stable. It's like all the Japanese things about beauty are wrapped up in one place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnd it is the basic motivation that two million Japanese (and a few foreigners) climb this mountain every year, even if they don’t reach the top. At the last 500 feet, all that remains is a dry, burnt-out ash. Not a single tree or blade of grass to be seen. The “fish” camp is also a hut built of stone. You can stretch out on a grass mat for a while, drink tea, and eat noodles. The higher you go, the more expensive everything you drink. Day and night, people line up to climb and descend, pay homage to the mountain’s guardian spirit, dance, and sing traditional songs. But the most common sound is the cheering of “ganbatte” (a kind of cheering).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe amazing thing is that people who come here in the summer always climb to the top. There are also shops selling souvenirs. There is even a post office. The footprints of millions of people who have climbed down, the images of the giants coming and going, the images of the enthusiasm and joy of the people who come, are still alive like Hiroshige's timeless woodblock prints. But the true meaning of climbing Mount Fuji is only known after climbing it. Ganba.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMurray\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSayle\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569241645205,"sku":"","price":8100.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_238dfdee-e00d-4295-bb9a-a439ada4c413.jpg?v=1730212717"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ခေတ်ဟောင်းရာဇ၀င်၂","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Ancient History (2)","description":"\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChapter (1)\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlexander's heirs\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\n \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ea) The heirs to Alexander's kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Problems raised by the death of Alexander\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlexander is truly worthy of being called the Great Alexander. He accomplished many important things for humanity in his short life, and we must be grateful and praise him. In the past, the Greeks had reached the peak of civilization, and in addition to reaching the peak of politics, Alexander invaded and conquered, but now the Greeks have reached their full potential. Alexander had great plans, but he died before they could be realized, and the unity of the Hellenes was broken, and it did not grow any further, but gradually fell apart.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn Macedonia, Alexander had a half-brother who could have succeeded him. Alexander's wife, Rosana, also had a son. However, Alexander's generals had excluded all of his great-grandsons from the succession.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSharing among three heirs\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn Babylonia, the Macedonian generals who were close to Alexander knew of Alexander's plan for a western campaign, but none of them had the will or the ability to carry it out. They quarreled for years, and the best of the remaining generals was Antigonus. He had hoped to hold Alexander's empire together, but he was killed in battle while trying to suppress the rebellion of his other generals. As a result, Alexander's empire was divided into three parts: one in Europe, one in Asia, and one in Africa. Antigonus II ruled in Europe, while Cassius ruled in Western Asia and Ptolemy ruled in Africa.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePtolemaic Dynasty of Egypt\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn Egypt, the general Ptolemy took the title of king and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty. Ptolemy always relied on Greek mercenaries to maintain his wealth, and he also built a navy to easily recruit Greek soldiers, which later became the most powerful navy in the Mediterranean. He ruled Egypt from Alexandria, the city founded by Alexander the Great on the western bank of the Nile River. The new city became the most beautiful and commercial city in the Mediterranean by the third century BC. He annexed Palestine and southern Syria to protect himself from rivals in Asia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe rise of the ancient monarchy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Egyptians, though Greeks, did not have the kind of government that flourished in Greece. They ruled according to the Oriental custom, with the absolute monarchy. They enjoyed the royal power of the ancient pharaohs, and ruled the whole of Egypt according to the ancient system, except for Alexandria and two other cities, which were founded for the Greeks. In the three Greek cities, as in the capitals of Greece, the citizens participated in the administration of the cities. The most important thing in the administration of the Greek kings was to collect as much tax as possible to cover the salaries of the Greek mercenaries and the expenses of the navy. There were no Egyptian coins in Egypt, and Persian coins were used. Ptolemy was the first to mint Egyptian coins. The taxes were paid in money, and The government owned all the banks, and no merchants were allowed to trade in any of the essential goods except the government. Egypt had already had a system of tax collectors, which the Greeks had never had, and Ptolemy continued to use them. This model of reusing the ancient monarchy was soon imitated by the Greeks and Romans in Europe, and democratic rule disappeared from Europe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Seyyid dynasty of West Asia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlexander's empire in western Asia was succeeded by his general Leucippus, and his descendants were called the Seleucids. Although not as powerful as the Ptolemies, they initially extended their influence as far as India. The borders of the Seleucid empire were not clearly defined, and were too vast to be systematically controlled. The Ptolemaic navy dominated the eastern Mediterranean, preventing the Seleucids from making significant progress in trade and maintaining contact with the Greek mainland. However, they founded the city of Antioch to rival Alexandria.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eManagement of oil markets\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn governance, the Seleucids differed greatly from the Ptolemies. They, in keeping with Alexander's policy, encouraged intermarriage, seeking to spread Greek culture in Asia. Seleucus and his son Antiochus I founded new Greek cities in Asia Minor, along the two rivers of Syria, in Persia and India, and gave them self-government in the Greek manner. Thus, the Seleucid Empire consisted of many independent states. However, these states had to pay annual tribute to the Seleucid kings. The king was revered as a god.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMacedonian state of arms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCompared with Egypt and Asia, Macedonia was a very small country. The Greek states were very eager for independence, and it was not easy to maintain them for long. Even after Alexander, many small Greek states rebelled. However, Antigonus II suppressed them and became king of Greece and Macedonia. At this time, a new danger arose in the west and north. The Indo-European tribes, called the Gauls or Gauls, who were still very barbaric, had invaded Europe, and by 400 BC they had reached Italy, and by 200 BC they had entered Macedonia and Greece. In 277 BC, Antigonus II had subdued these barbarians. When the Gauls had cooled down, Antigonus set out to reorganize the state. To counter the Egyptian naval threat, Antigonus II and Antiochus I formed an alliance and raised a navy. They then fought a 15-year war with the Ptolemies, in which Antigonus's fleet defeated the Egyptian fleet twice and the Egyptian navy was destroyed. Once these threats were suppressed, internal rebellions began to break out.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eb) The fall of Greece\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Greek trade decline\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Greeks were no longer the leaders in Mediterranean trade as they had been. Trade was dominated by Alexandria and Antioch. Similarly, the Rhodians and Ephesians, instead of the Greeks, became the leading merchants. As a result, the Greeks were no longer as economically prosperous as they had been, and could no longer afford to maintain a navy and mercenary army for defense.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlliances\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor defense, the smaller Greek states formed alliances. As early as 300 BC, the Etomelian League to the north and the Achaean League to the south, separated by the Gulf of Corinth, emerged. A general was elected annually to command the armies of all the member states. In addition, officers were appointed jointly to manage the defense and foreign relations of all the members. Each city was independent in its own local government, but in foreign relations it followed the will of the group. The two groups were not compatible with each other, and although they were able to resist Macedonian rule, they were unable to form a Greek union.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSparta and Athens\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne reason why the Greek League did not form was that Athens and Sparta were not included in the League. The Achaeans tried to force Sparta to join them, but due to the power of the Spartan king Cleomenes, the League was defeated in every battle, and the League was forced to ask for help from Macedonia. When this request was granted, Sparta was destroyed, but the League became subject to Macedonia. Thus, all of Greece, except for the Aetolians, was returned to Macedonia. Athens was granted its own government and was recognized by all the great powers as a neutral state. Athens, although weak in political power, continued to be a leading state in culture.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569243447445,"sku":"","price":3150.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_e68716ee-676a-493c-a83a-8e4ea9127bd5.jpg?v=1730212771"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ခေတ်ဆန်းစာ၂၀၀၃-၂၀၀၄","title":"Dr. Than Tun - New Year's Message 2003-2004","description":"","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569246757013,"sku":"","price":6750.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_1a8dc085-30ba-4c6e-b61d-eabb5c4282ff.jpg?v=1730212791"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ကူမာအောင်ကလူစားကျား","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Kumar Aung is a man-eating tiger","description":"\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChampa man-eating tiger\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e [ 1 ]\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Later, when I was hunting in Malani with Edin Nola, I first heard about the tiger that would be recorded under the name \"Champawut Man-Eating Tiger\".\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEddie is the best hunter in the area, and he has a long history of hunting experiences. There are very few people in the world who are so well-rounded. He is one of those few. The rifle he uses is not only accurate but also powerful. One of his brothers is the best shooter in India. Another is the best tennis player in the Indian Army. When Eddie tells me that the government has ordered my uncle to shoot a tiger in Champawat, I think that this man is also a great hunter, and that he will soon become a tiger, and that his life will end.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI can't say for sure why. But the tiger didn't die. Four years later, when I visited Nainital, the foreign government was very worried about the tiger. They announced a reward. They hired hunters. They sent out teams of Gorkhas from the Alor camp. But the number of people killed by tigers was increasing at an alarming rate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe man-eating tiger that is currently rampaging in Kumaraung is said to be a female tiger, and it is said that it has already eaten more than two hundred people while it was in Nepal. It is said that it moved to the area after being surrounded and driven out by Nepalese armed forces. Now that it has been in Kumaraung for four years, it has already killed another two hundred and thirty-four people.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile this was going on, I reached Nainital. Not long after my arrival, a man named Bhasut came to me. At that time, Bhasut was the ruler of Nainital. After his funeral, his body was secretly buried in Haldunni. But everyone who met him loved and respected him. After hearing him tell how the villagers were suffering because of the aliens roaming around his village, how could I refuse his help? I promised to go to Champawat as soon as I heard that another person had been eaten by a tiger.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWithdraw the government's bounty. And I beg the government to take back the special hunter and the Alors. What should I do? I don't want to be called a mercenary. Besides, I'm afraid that other hunters will shoot me wrong. The government has complied with all my requests. A week after the news broke, the news broke again early in the morning. A young man came running at night and reported that a woman had been killed by a tiger in Pali village, between Dabilara and Nagar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI hired six men to carry all my equipment, from the canvas tent to the forest, so that I could leave as soon as I got the news. After breakfast, we walked seventeen miles to Dhari. The next day, we had breakfast at Maurasao and went to spend the night at Davidhur. The next evening, when we reached Pali, it had been five days since a man had been killed by a tiger.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe villagers, about fifty men and women, were extremely agitated. When we arrived at Sha, it was still a long way from sunset, but every door in the house had already been blocked and hidden. We entered a courtyard, and the disciples had taken their places, and the stove was on, and the hot water was boiling, and I was just about to sit down and drink a cup of tea, when the door creaked open and some villagers came out.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is said that no one has dared to go beyond the eaves of their houses for five days. The smell of garbage dumped nearby testifies to this. Food is also scarce. Kill the tiger or drive it away, otherwise they will all starve to death.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is clear that it is still nearby. I have been walking down the street and hearing a loud noise for three nights in a row. The sound was coming from a distance of not even a hundred yards from the house. It was only this morning that I saw it in a field on the edge of the village.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe village elder kindly cleaned the room. But since there were eight people in the room and it was uncomfortable to be confined to the room, I decided that I would sleep outside anyway.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI ate a little dinner as usual. I put the students in the room, closed the door, and sat down leaning against a tree by the road. According to the villagers, that road is always a tiger's path. If I see him first, I will be lucky, because the moon is also good.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI had often spent the night in the forest, waiting for my prey. This was the first time I had to wait for a man-eating tiger. It didn’t take long. The road in front of me was wide and clear in the moonlight. Along the road, there were dark patches of trees, and when the wind blew, the shadows moved, and I could see that nineteen tigers were coming out here and there, and I felt that the tigers would be happy. Only then did I regret my decision to stay outside. I didn’t even have the courage to run back to the forest. I was ashamed to admit that I had said I would take on this responsibility and now I don’t dare to do it. The weather was cold, and I was shivering with fear and trembling. I thought the night was longer. After seeing the snow-capped mountains in front of me, I fell asleep with my head on my bent knees. An hour later, my students came and found me sleeping soundly like this. That night, I neither heard nor saw a tiger.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe villagers were shocked to see him return alive. When they asked him to take them to a place where tigers usually hunt people, they all refused, as planned. They only got finger pointing. The last place he was hunted was a bend in the mountain range west of the village. Twenty-two women, both young and old, who were with him when they went out to cut leaves to feed the cows, hurriedly told the details of what happened.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe story goes that at about ten o'clock in the morning, they went to a place half a mile from the village and climbed branches. The tree that the woman and her companion were to climb was on the edge of a ravine. When they went to look, the ravine was four feet high and ten or twelve feet wide. When they had gathered enough leaves, the tiger came down from the tree and approached them. They stopped and pulled him by the legs, and the branch he was holding on to fell off. When they reached the ravine, the tiger let go of his legs and tried to run away, but he was still in the ravine. When he was about to die, he picked up the animal, jumped over the ravine and came back. He went into a very thick bush and was never seen again.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis incident was witnessed by the two female companions who remained on the tree, as well as by all the other companions who were not far away. When the tiger and the tiger-woman disappeared, they all ran back in fear. Since it was time for the men to return to their respective houses for lunch, they all gathered and made a noise, taking copper pots and small drums with them, and the women followed the men who had gone before.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen they reached the place where the man was killed in the ravine, they were discussing what to do next when a tiger roared from the bushes thirty yards away. They all turned around and ran back to the village without any hesitation. If they were tired, they would start running and I would follow, and each one would blame the other. After a while, as they had said, they all agreed that if they were brave enough, they would go back and rescue him before the time was up. In this way, they reached the ravine three times. On the third time, the gunman fired a single shot, and the tiger roared out from the bushes, so they did not dare to search any further. It was a good thing they did not search any further. When I said, \"Throw the gunner into the bushes,\" the tiger was very angry. If you hit him as you said, he would come out at once and take me away.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThat morning, I spent three hours searching for the tiger's tracks and tracks around the village. I was terrified that I would never find it. As I approached a dark ravine with a thick forest, I turned around and saw a group of lynxes flying away, so terrified that my heart stopped beating.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe disciples were cleaning up under the walnut tree and preparing food. After breakfast, the old man begged, “We need to harvest wheat. Please carry your gun and wait for us.” If you don’t wait for us, we will all die of hunger because we dare not harvest. Within half an hour, the whole village will come out and my disciples will harvest. I have to wait with my gun.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBy evening, all the sheaves from the five large fields were gathered. Only two fields close to the house remained. It was not difficult to finish the next day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The sanitation situation in the village has also improved. Since I have my own place to sleep, I have to keep the door closed to let in fresh air, and I have to sleep on it all night long, making up for the sleep I lost the night before.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile I was there, the villagers were getting more and more enthusiastic, but they were not brave enough to follow my request to go and see the forest, and to follow me. Since they knew the area in detail, I believed that if they showed up, they would be able to lead us to the tiger's hiding place. At least they would be able to lead us to the tiger's tracks. The animal that was being dragged was a tiger. You can see the tracks to distinguish between big and small, male and female. If you don't know, it will be much harder to catch it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAfter drinking tea that morning, I started talking about wanting to hunt goats for my disciples. The village was at the top of a long mountain range running east and west, so there were grassy slopes and hills that sloped down to the north below the road I had been waiting for the night before. I knew that there were goats on these slopes. I said that I would show them to them. I pretended not to let anyone know how happy I was and chose three of them. I told the elder that if he found enough goats, he would hunt two for the village and one for the disciples.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAfter crossing the road, we looked down a very steep ridge of mountains, looking left and right. We saw nothing. After going down for half a mile, we came to a place where ravines spread out. From there, if we looked to the left, we could see a rocky plateau with thick grass. We stopped for a moment, turned our backs on a single pine tree, and looked at the plateau. The height of the mountain\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569247281301,"sku":"","price":7020.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_ccfc6f37-4bd9-44f0-89d7-7e31bb564c80.jpg?v=1730212838"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ကိုးကွယ်ရာအပင်နှင့်ပုံပြင်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Sacred plants and stories","description":"\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhite urine\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEMBELLICA MYROBALAN\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn Hindi and Sanskrit, it is called Sathri, Satrisa, Amalak, Amalaki, and Anavala. In English, it is called Indian Gooseberry. It is associated with Shiva and Visnu. This plant is considered sacred because of Shiva's consort, Parvati, and Vishnu's consort, Laksami. According to the story, the two consorts of the gods went to the sacred land of Pyabatha and when they cried, Parvati wanted to offer Vishnu new clothes and ornaments, and Laksami wanted to offer Shiva new clothes and ornaments. This is why the Alangka tree, called Sathri, grew. Therefore, it is believed that both the festivals dedicated to Shiva and the festivals dedicated to Vishnu are incomplete without the leaves of this plant.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis plant is offered on the day of Shivaratri. The plant is tied with red and yellow threads and offered as if to a deity. This plant is also among the most sacred plants in Gujarat. On the 9th day of Kartik (October-November), women offer flowers and incense to this plant, praying for a male child. They walk around the plant five times (padakshina clockwise) and then tie the thread around it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is also said that the amalaki tree once transformed into a beautiful woman to distract Vishnu, who was obsessed with Varinda. It is medicinal and should be planted in the south of homes and schools.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45569250197653,"sku":"","price":9500.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_ff4e5ada-19bf-4246-b497-9318f0e48ffc.jpg?v=1730212856"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ခေတ်သစ်ရာဇ၀င်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Modern History","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWorld history books and foreign history books written in Burmese are very rare. Before the First World War, the Suriya Library published books such as Portuguese history, Chinese history, German history, and Japanese history. After the First World War, war history books appeared. A brief history of the world written by H.G. Wells was translated and printed. However, since they were among the books destroyed during the Second World War, it is difficult to find world history books and foreign history books written in Burmese, whether translated or collected, even in libraries known as comprehensive libraries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAfter World War II, I found some world history books.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWorld history, human history, and the history of the world have emerged as books that can be used to study world history in a comprehensive manner. They are written in a way that shows the development of human civilization. The writing style is clear and concise. History is also divided into dynasties. It also describes the culture of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, etc. It also shows how the powerful ruled the people and how the political system changed from a state of domination to a state of tyranny and tyranny. In short, these are books that educate people at all levels, from children to adults, and all are good in their own way.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWriters often have the problem of who they should write for. They write funny stories for those who want to be bored. They write stories about life's problems and the exact answers for those who want to be deeply enlightened. They write for children, adults, and scholars, even if they write about the same topic. They write for people and take their preferences and write short stories, and they also write nonsense. In writing history, they write in various ways to make people accept the colonialism, awaken patriotism, strengthen the spirit of the Union, hate the capitalist system, or to make the truth visible.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAmong the world history books written in Burmese, I think there is one that is suitable for middle school students. I think there is also one for ordinary citizens who want knowledge. I think there is still a need for at least one book for those who are entering university and those who are at the age and level of education that is more comprehensive than a detailed researched book and more serious than an ordinary educational book. .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis booklet is a good way to fill in the gaps. It is written to be useful for university students and those just starting out, and to provide a foundation for the modern world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI would also like to briefly describe the writing style. The brief political events of the world from the end of the eighteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century are based on a brief framework, and the economic, social and cultural developments are described in detail in the chapters on individual countries, relying on the history books of those countries. The names of these books are given at the end of this book. This little book has been created by taking and combining each chapter from these books. I must admit that I did not write it after spending a lot of time and research. It is a timely and necessary filling of the gap, and it would be good if a book more complete and clear than this little book appeared in the future.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eToday, students read and memorize history in Burmese and write their answers in Burmese in exams, which is good in a way. The language is not difficult, so they can read it quickly. They can memorize it. They can answer it fluently. However, there are very few books written in Burmese. Therefore, there is a desire for more than one history book to be published.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThan Tun\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e9-6-61\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 1\/1 Thaton Road, University District, Yangon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA new concept of governance that emerged from the ancient bookkeeping systems and\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHow new organizations emerged in the West\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOld way\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBefore the French Revolution in 1789, the system of government and social relations in various countries throughout Europe was often called the old system. Under the old system, there was a distinction between the privileged and the oppressed. The country was ruled by an absolute monarch. Officials were bribed and corrupt. The landowners were powerful. The clergy had influence over the king. All economic wealth was owned by a few, leaving the majority in deep poverty.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEngland\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCompared with other countries in the world, it can be said that England has the greatest hope for the welfare of the majority. Because the era of the monarchy, which was replaced by the rule of law and governed by parliament, has been emerging since the early eighteenth century, England has a higher political standard than most. In the eighteenth century, only the English model is considered the most suitable for the government of the country. In England, people are thought to be the freest. In fact, they are not free because of parliament. From the beginning, they were not able to tolerate the violation of the rights of the individual by the ruler, and therefore they have the freedom of speech as they do now. Now that parliament has become the greatest power, the king is only a figurehead and can do nothing beyond parliament in all important matters, such as taxation, legislation, corrections, judgments, and the command of the standing army. However, at that time, Parliament was not yet a true representative of the people as we know it today. Because not all adults could vote, as it is now, and because the number of members was not proportional to the population, it was a parliament composed only of representatives of the wealthy landowners. Every member of Parliament was also a landowner. Bribery and corruption were commonplace in those days. During the reigns of George I, the founder of the new English dynasty, and Robert Walpole, who was entrusted with the affairs of the country on behalf of the king, a cabinet called the Cabinet and a Prime Minister emerged. If Parliament did not continue to support the Cabinet, the entire Cabinet had to resign from office. The Cabinet was able to take over the government, and the king's role was limited to ceremonial duties. However, when George III ascended the throne in 1760, he attempted to intervene in the government as a monarch, with limited success, but the defeat in the American War gave rise to a revival of parliamentarianism. They began to push for a reform of Parliament to make it truly representative of the people. The most notable of these was the Chartist rebellion. The Chartists demanded (a) more voting rights, (b) a more equitable distribution of seats, (c) a salary for MPs, (d) a reduction in the property limit for candidates, (e) a secret ballot, and (f) annual parliamentary elections. While the French Revolution was still in progress, England was alarmed and stopped all reforms and even suppressed any attempts to reform.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFrance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe example of France is also noteworthy in breaking with the old system. The French king is an absolute monarch and rules the country according to his will. Although there is a council of advisors, they often follow the king's wishes. There is no organization independent of the king. The parliament of Paris is also a supreme court that confirms the king's decrees. Sometimes the parliament resists the unilateral will of the king, but it is not enough. In some provinces there are councils of advisors, and in cities there are city councils. However, they are not organizations that can express the will of the people. It can be said that the administration is very corrupt. There is no unity of law. In some regions, the ancient Roman tradition is used for judgment, and in some places German law is used. There are arbitrary arrests and detentions, and those who have acquired positions with money are judged according to their appearance. In the army, high positions are always held only by the sons of the nobles. By setting a predetermined amount of tax for each area, the tax collector can take whatever is left over, which leads to unjust extortion from the poor. In fact, the poor are the ones who\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eand the lower classes, called the middle classes, suffered the most. Louis XV did not care about the country, but spent his time on pleasure. Louis XVI, who had been willing to reform everything that was necessary in time, was more likely to be favored by the upper classes and the clergy, who enjoyed every opportunity and favored him. Despite the precedent, Louis XVI did not have the courage to reform when it was necessary. The treasury was very rich, and he faced even more financial difficulties due to the American war. Thinking that this would solve the money problem, he called a conference of important people in 1787. The conference recommended that a consultative assembly of the classes, which had not been convened since 1614, be convened to solve all the problems. This was the end of the absolute monarchy in France.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLower class\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe poorest and most laborious class are the peasants. In farming, we have never heard of any new methods of cultivating, such as selecting good varieties, fertilizing the soil, and sowing seeds. They do it in the old ways. Except in England, throughout Europe, the restrictions imposed on the farmers by the dukes of the old feudal period still remain. If there is a tax to pay, they are the ones who pay the largest amount. If there is a road to repair,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey work for free. They pay land taxes. They pay religious taxes. ' The landlords do not dare to refuse if they have other duties. If they accumulate excess money, the tax collector squeezes it out. They do not eat well, they do not dress well. In short, they are not able to live as a human being. In Russia, Poland, and Hungary, their condition is the worst. In England, they live the best, and in France, they are seen to be rising up and demanding as much as they can for reform.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMiddle class (bourgeois)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCities grew and multiplied in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. \"The growth that followed the good trade was also the impetus for colonial expansion. In 1787, London had over a million inhabitants. Paris had five hundred thousand. There were eighty cities with over a thousand. Amsterdam, Hamburg, Bremen, and Frankfurt were particularly prosperous. By the eighteenth century, the artisans had changed from producing goods for their own consumption to producing them for sale for profit. Here, they were trying to find better ways of producing goods at lower cost than before. New kinds of goods were also being sold. Previously, trade was hampered by poor roads and government restrictions, but now ships were sailing all over the world. The East India Company, the Dutch East India Company, the Hartsville Company, etc., were powerful and monopolized trade. Monopoly Despite this, trade continued to grow. With this growth, the most important advantage was the handicrafts. The middle class, consisting of wholesale and retail merchants and merchants, emerged. In England and France, the bourgeoisie was at its best. If they had money, they prepared to have political power. The English bourgeoisie, relying on parliament, gained the power they needed. The French bourgeoisie was left with no choice but to act.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUpper class\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn Europe, the upper classes, such as the bishops and archbishops, and the nobles, are called the first and second classes. This is a small minority, only one in a hundred of the population. They are people of honor, position, and wealth. The upper classes are not worthy of praise for their morality and integrity. The nobles have bought the position of bishops and archbishops with money and are only false religious leaders. The real priests under them are pitifully poor. The nobles are also just people who are just people. They come and go in and out of the palace and squeeze as much tax as they can from the peasants in their own fields. There are also poor nobles who live in the countryside.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReligious belief\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn Christianity, there are Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and other Protestant denominations. In the eighteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church was the strongest and most powerful. It did not negotiate with any sect that disagreed with it. It had once had political power, but now it is no longer as powerful as it once was. However, it still has to take the lead in education, perform marriages, and suppress heresy. Within this sect, there were smaller sects such as the Jenkins, the Februnians, and the Jesuits, which hindered its organization. The Anglican sect in England was wealthy and favored. Other Protestant sects who did not agree with it could not accept government positions without the permission of Parliament. Baptisms, births, and deaths, and marriages could be performed by priests of this sect. Meanwhile, Presbyterians, Unitarians, Lutherans, and Methodists emerged. In Germany, the Lutheran sect flourished. Beyond these, the churches and the Bible were said to be unworthy of devotion and to be no medium between God and man. In addition, with the rise of modern secular science, many people rejected the old religious beliefs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNew method\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The eighteenth century was also a time of searching for new knowledge. Scholars were stubborn and said that if they could not prove it, they would not believe it. The Englishman Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) improved the telescope and developed the science of space. He was able to demonstrate the force of gravity of the earth through mathematics and methods. This was the beginning of the development of the science of the universe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA great scientist, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), developed calculus with Newton, which led to the development of architecture. Benjamin Franklin Kern (1716-1790) studied lightning and discovered the nature of electricity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHe was also a leader of the American Revolution. Sir Charles Presley (1733-1804), Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794), and Henry Cavendish (31-1810) pioneered modern chemistry. Edward Ginn (1749-1823) began to demonstrate that smallpox could be prevented by vaccination. These new methods were developed and encouraged by worldly scientists and politicians. In 1662, in London, the Church and in France, the French Academy were established to discuss new discoveries. The printing press also facilitated the spread of knowledge. In the eighteenth century, there was a tendency to criticize and question all political, social, and religious institutions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42482315034773,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_2297e0c2-a82a-44c1-bd03-21bca319efb1.jpg?v=1730271415"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-အသစ်မြင်မြန်မာ့သမိုင်း","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Newly Discovered Myanmar History","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The order written by the master for the second printing\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e“The New Myanmar History was printed in September 1975. Now that it will be reprinted in 2000 (25 years later), I don’t want to be too different. The reason for this is because there have been new insights gained through historical research in the past two years. It would be great if we could add to that new knowledge. But some of the new knowledge is not yet fully understood. And we don’t have time to add to it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBut I'll fill it up in a moment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn “Myanmar Prehistory”, we can add to this by writing about the fossils from Pon Taung Pon Nya. In addition to the fact that the fossils are 40 million years old, we can also study the fossils from its surroundings and talk about the fruits, eggs, roots, and meat it ate. This is a very small part of the Evolution of Man, and we will study it to the fullest. Next, we will talk about the Honotraces. Next, we will talk about the Bronze Age Culture of the Nyaungkan people. Since we are still studying it, we plan to write about it soon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e“Myanmar History 1044-1287” contains information about the Pyu as Proto Burman. The Pyu entered Myanmar in the 5th century BC. The discovery of a Buddhist ossuary at Mawza (Sri Kshetra) led to the previous 7th century of the reign of Suriya Wikyama being revised to the 1st century. This is a good place to discuss this in detail. From the 5th century onwards, the Pyu gained political influence and established the first union in the 5th century to the 9th century AD. It should be corrected that Aniruddhaka | established the first union. The Pyu was the first union, and Aniruddhaka was the second union.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the chapter “Lit and Myanmar History”, Luce’s book Early Myanmar and Ancient Bagan was published in 1969. It has been thirty years now. There are archaeological excavations and new stone inscriptions that have been found, so some parts of his book have to be corrected. This must be done. Luce has written a review of the book. It must be filled in. When he said that the Pyu capital was destroyed in 832 AD due to the destruction of Nanzhong, Luce said that the capital was most likely Halin. No. U Yi Sein has written evidence that it was Sri Kshetra.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf we were to write about the administration of Myanmar from “1000 to 1300 AD,” we would use the Bagan inscriptions that have now been excavated. We can add to what has already been said, even if it is not to refute it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the paper “Mon until the end of the Bagan period,” it is necessary to add to the discussion of the relationship between South India and the Mon, as well as how South Indian people, unable to return to their ancestral homeland, settled in Mon lands and mixed with the Mon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the question of where “Nga Saung Chan” is located, it is written that it is on the west bank of Bhamo. Archaeological research suggests that it is more likely to be the western bank of Shwe Li, east of Bhamo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe “Manuha Stone” section has been filled in with articles in the upcoming Kalya magazine titled Bagan. The other soldier’s title is Tribhuvanaditu Dharmaraja, and his daughter is Sotlokadula Mani. His consort (Manuha’s mother) is Trilokathithijaya, and this prince’s mother is Mahadevi Sulamani Devi, and his consort (Manuha’s mother) is Ka. These are the things that need to be filled in.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe \"Mahakassapa Sect\" section has not yet been filled.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The above poem fills in the gaps in the chapters titled \"Myanmar Stone Inscriptions,\" \"Historical Evidence in Ancient Mon Stone Inscriptions,\" and \"Historical Evidence in Clothing Stone Inscriptions.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e It's filled in with articles. Please read the book together under the name Bagan when it comes out.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Royal Order of the Burmese King (ROB), which was issued in ten separate issues during the reign of King Thalon from 1982 to 1989, contains a lot of information. I have been writing this in my thoughts for a long time. I think it could all be put together into a book.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Than Tun\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e March 31, 2000.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI searched all over Burma for historical evidence. When I found a lot of evidence, I thought about the historical context. I wrote a paper. I invited the audience to read the paper. I apologized for the additional corrections. I printed it in a publication. I wrote many such papers and put them together to make a book. These are the methods of research. When I focus on a single subject full-time, it is not surprising that I learn more about this subject over and over again. I can only identify and correct my own mistakes in the past. That is why there are mistakes in old papers. The introduction to this book is written on what mistakes to correct and how to correct them. Anyone who wants to use this book should read the conclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI have been researching Burmese history since the 12th and 13th centuries, the Bagan period. When I ran out of stone inscriptions to read about the Bagan period, I switched to studying the Ava period. At such times, I wrote historical documents about the Bagan period and historical documents about the Ava period, as I said earlier. While I was still doing this, I moved to Mandalay due to work, and it was very convenient to research the history of the Mandalay period, so I had to research the history of the Mandalay period again. I found places related to prehistory according to the period, and when I excavated, I had to do prehistory again. When the person who gave me permission to dig, I thought it was our job to think about history, so I used the expression “I can’t do it because I don’t want to do it.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf I sort the historical articles I write by date, they are from the Bagan period, the late Konbaung period, the Ava period, the British period, and prehistory. Not in the same historical order. And for example, after finishing the Ava period stone inscriptions\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI said I was going to fill out the next paper, and I wrote about Mon stone. I said I was filling it out, but in reality\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e It's not like it's a continuation of the story, but rather a continuation of the story. It's like it's a continuation of the story,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI expanded it, then removed a little, added it in the middle, and put it all back together and put it in a new format. Then it got better. It got more complete. When I worked hard, this is what happened. Sometimes I had to edit some of the text after the book was printed, but I had to fight with the publisher. I didn't know that I should have edited it earlier, but now I'm ashamed of myself for not reading it. So read the conclusion, which will explain the corrections. Even if you don't read anything else in this book, reading the conclusion can be beneficial.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe fact that we are gradually learning things we didn't know before is a benefit of the efforts we make these days. In this book\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt can be assumed that every article is just a way of filling in the gaps that were previously missing with what we know now. If we keep trying, other people will be able to fill in and correct what I don't know now. I believe that they will be able to fill in and correct it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Than Tun\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \"Pre-Myanmar History\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf we talk about the prehistory of Myanmar, we will start with the geological foundation of Myanmar. During the \"Cambrian\" era, the land called Myanmar was a sea. There was no land. When we reached the Lower Carboniferous era, the current Salween River was like a sea coast and became a land again. Then, in the Jurassic era, it is believed that the Bay of Bengal was a large land. In the Early Cretaceous era, except for the current Ayeyarwady Delta, everything was a land-sea coast. This means that it is estimated that the current state of the plateau and valley was reached only four hundred million years ago. Since the prehistory of Myanmar has just begun to be studied, what is known is very little. Let me clarify the word \"just now\". If we assume that the entire life of the world is only 24 hours, then man has only been on earth for 40 seconds. I have seen a comparison made. Since the events of those 40 seconds are not fully understood anywhere, it is no wonder that there is not much talk about the 40 seconds on Myanmar soil. It is encouraging to see that we are gradually discovering and learning a lot.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt was only in 1845 that stone tools were found outside of Burma. It was speculated that there were people during the Miocene. But it was not until 1895 that it was confirmed that there were people during the Pleistocene.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey are now able to speak. They do not continue to investigate or investigate the stone tools found on the ground in Myanmar. Geologists only report that they have found such tools while searching for oil and minerals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe method of finding the V is not to find the system, but to collect surface finds, so it is difficult to continue studying the actual station. Looking at the stone tablets found on the Yenangyaung River, it is reported that people were present in this land in the prehistoric period around 1942. At this time, the south\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are ancient people in Java, there are ancient people in northern China, and since Burma is a transitional region, there must be ancient people, and if we examine it, it will be beneficial. So a group of American scientists came to Burma in late 1937 and 1938 to search for them. The leaders were Com Descomp Powo (Hellmutde Terra and Hallam L. Movius, Jr.). They called the people of Burma in the Stone Age the Ariyathian people and called their culture the Ariyathian culture. Then, after the war, this camp became deserted. It was not until 1964 that the Burmese people returned to Burma.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHistorical studies are coming back to life. The Myanmar Archaeological Research Institute has unearthed new stone weapons (Wat Thit) at the Hanlin excavations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough the weapon is real, it is believed that it was taken by later people based on the findings. Stone weapons were found in the rock quarry. Stone weapons were found in the salt marsh on the west bank of the Chindwin River. Stone weapons were found while bulldozing to build a dam on the other side of the Pakokku River. Stone weapons were found while digging with a bulldozer. Papalin Cave (located on the road leading to the water well in Nyaung Kyat, Yanam Township, Taunggyi District)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe information about Nyaung Kyat (4 mines, 1 mile from the water tap, 70 feet above the road, 1,000 feet above sea level, Nyaung Kyat latitude 21 6\" north longitude 96\" 18' east) was received in the 1960s, but it was not until 1968 that they went to investigate and found many more Stone Age evidence. In Amarapura, the banks of the Taung Thaman Lake were also washed away by waves, and new stone structures continued to appear, and excavations continued until 1971. This was when prehistory became a major field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45593863749781,"sku":"","price":11400.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/001_9f9da67a-e248-4bff-8129-653039ecbd60.jpg?v=1745777609"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ဖုကုအိုကသွားမှတ်တမ်း","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Fukuoka Travel Report","description":"\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Foucault's record\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (1)\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you look from the south to the northwest of the Japanese islands, you can see the coast and mountains of Korea. It is so close that it seems that they were inviting the Mongols in the latter half of the 13th century. If the Mongols came, they would have gone to Fukuoka first. At that time, the Mongol armies were fighting against the Burmese army of Bagan. The Mongols conquered the entire Central Asia in the first fifty years of the 13th century, from the northern steppes of China. They also took South Russia, fell to Silesia, passed Hungary and reached the Asian Sea, conquered Korea in the east in 1259, and defeated China in 1276. Only Japan remained. The \"Mongrel Emperor Kublai Khan\" sent an ambassador to surrender. Kyoto was about to surrender, but Kamakura refused, so they prepared to attack. So in 1274, the Mongol army arrived in Korean ships. They captured small islands and arrived in Hakata Bay in Fukuoka. Fearing a storm before a major battle, they withdrew their troops. They were sure to return. The Kamakura army sent a garrison to Hakata Bay, north of Churu Island, and built a wall around the bay, blocking the famous Mongol cavalry. In 1281, the Mongol army entered Hakata Bay with ships from Korea and China. They had 150,000 soldiers. Never before in the history of the world had there been such a large enemy coming from the sea. And their cavalry was capable of breaking through large encirclements. They could also use large cannonballs with slingshots. The Pan-Tu Shi were good at single combat, If they formed a group and surrounded the Mongol army, no one could withstand it. The Japanese came in small boats in the shallow waters and could only cause a little disturbance, but a great storm came and destroyed the entire Mongol army.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe people who arrived at the Yangon University Amarsaung, where the Myanmar History Group is located, on April 20, 2000 were FUKUMOTO Takayuki, Secretary General of the Scholars’ Award Committee and Executive Director of the Fukuoka City International Relations Department; HIGUCHI Takashi, Secretary of the Fukuoka Asian Award Office; and UCHINO Tomiko, International Relations Officer of the Fukuoka Group. Miko translated into English. They said that the winners would be announced at the end of June and that they would hold a press conference in Yangon on July 14. They invited the winner and his wife to come to Japan. They said that they would cover all travel expenses and accommodation there. “I will also ask the Japanese Ambassador, Shigeru TSUMORI, to get a visa. I will also invite the ambassador to the ceremony. I told him to consult with Guardian U Sein Win about who to invite.” The winner of the award, Dr. Than Tun, was announced on June 26, 2000. A letter dated June 26, 2000, arrived.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProfessor Dr. Than Tun,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e A new field in Myanmar history was opened up with the teacher's great diligence.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Invented and precise methods and history\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Because it can be discovered, the object of studying Burmese history\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e So that we can show the world how we arrived.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBecause Foucault has called Asian culture's 2000th anniversary a turning point.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e It has been selected as a scholarly award-winning poem.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e We are very happy to be able to inform you.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e I am happy and satisfied.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe award ceremony will be held in Fukuoka, Japan on September 18, 2000, and you are invited to attend.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Faithfully\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Yamanashi Hirota\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(Mayor of Fukuoka)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Kawao Tatsuuo\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (Chairman)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Yokohama Foundation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe ceremony was held at the International Business Centre (IBC) from 9 am on 14 July 2000. In addition to Kumoto, Hiroshi and Uchino who had come from Japan on 20 April 2000, there were three more. The Japanese ambassador to Yangon was also present. The Minister of Education, the Minister of Culture, the Minister of Information (Education, Culture, Information) and three deputy ministers from Myanmar, as well as journalists, people from journals and magazines, and relatives all attended. For example, the invitations said U Ba Maung, but when it came, it was U Ba Maung and his wife. If a magazine invited the same person, they would bring a photographer. In this case, one hundred people would become two hundred, and there would be a shortage of food and drink. Tea\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43221759131797,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_999a984f-5692-4ea3-8349-f91747d53a28.jpg?v=1730276195"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မြန့်မာ့အိုးသမိုင်းနှင့်ဖြည့်စွက်စာတမ်း၈စောင်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - History of Myant Mar-o and 8 supplementary documents","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e History of Burmese pottery (1)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (This paper was read at the Kanthasaeng Lei annual meeting on September 10, 1972, chaired by U Wun.)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf a pot is not fired, it cannot hold water. The person who invented it to hold water is human. Therefore, it is necessary to study as much as possible the situation in Myanmar and Southeast Asia to find out when people first created pots.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eArchaeological excavations in West Asia and neighboring countries have revealed when pottery was first used in their regions. It was previously thought that pottery appeared after the Neolithic period. Now, there are places where pottery was used even before the advent of agriculture. At Jericho, there were no pots at all in the early days of food production. The earliest use of pottery in those places is about 8800 BC. The pottery wheel is not earlier than 5250 BC. Glazed pottery does not appear until about 2900 BC. These dates are for West Asia. Recent excavations in Southeast Asia have shown a similar pattern.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe development of the stage of food hunting to the stage of food production is not the same in West Asia and Southeast Asia. Therefore, some scholars who study Southeast Asia alone believe that the terms Old Stone Age, Middle Stone Age, and New Stone Age should not be used to describe the development of West Asian society. They present a new picture of the development of Southeast Asia, adding new names at the same time. The period from ancient times to 42,000 years ago is called the Lithic Stone Age. At that time, only simple stone tools were made and used.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNext, the period from 42,000 to 22,000 years ago is called the Lignic Period. During this time, people used only wooden tools. Among the wooden tools, there were also many bamboo tools.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThen, from 22,000 to 10,000 BC, we call the Crystallitic period. This is because people in Southeast Asia lost contact with each other and developed their own distinct cultures and traditions. During this period, starting around 22,000 BC, they began to select and plant plants that would grow in their own areas. They also domesticated animals that were easy to raise. In addition to wooden weapons, they also used moderately polished stone weapons. By 15,000 BC, pottery was being made and used. By 12,000 BC, agriculture was widespread.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAfter the sub-regional period, the Extensional period began. From 10,000 to 2000 years ago, people were able to come out of their caves. The harsh climates that had been there before gradually became more moderate and became the climate of today. Therefore, there was no need for caves anymore.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough pottery making was practiced 15,000 years ago, the art of pottery with flower designs only appeared around 9,000 years ago. The reason it took so long to move from one level to the next is that\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis is because a place like Myanmar does not have a pot. The forests of Myanmar are full of large bamboos. The bamboo basket is also easy to use. Bamboo baskets and pots are used for both carrying water and storing water. That is why even before the cultivation of rice about 8,000 years ago, if you want to cook rice, you can think of it as bamboo baskets. Even today, if you cook sticky rice, you can use bamboo baskets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey still use it. Copper pots were first used about 7,600 years ago. But because this metal was not widely available, copper pots were not widely used. They continued to use earthenware until the advent of the Dan pot.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn all of Southeast Asia, during the period of expansion that we are talking about, there were no very large cities. There were no very powerful emperors. There were no large and strong fortresses anywhere from 4,000 to 3,000 years ago. That's\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Because of this, there were no major military conflicts in Southeast Asia at that time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAt the beginning of the Christian era, the period of Conflicting Empires emerged. Politically, India, China, and some European countries invaded Southeast Asia. Their customs also invaded. Therefore, this period is called the Conflicting Empires. At that time, the art of pottery glazing, as a foreign art, appeared in Myanmar. In fact, it was not until the 11th century AD that pottery was widely used in Myanmar. A word of caution must be said here. The above-mentioned era divisions and the dates of the beginning of the art are only provisional decisions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf we think about why pots were used, we can figure out when pots were first used. When the first tools for producing goods became better, there was more production and there was more to store. Because of the system of exploitation of people, there was a surplus of goods. That person tried to store them.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe second consideration is that people have come down from their mountain caves to the plains because the weather is not so bad. When they were in the mountains\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen carrying water, bamboo poles are the best, but since the villages were built on the riverbanks, they were easy to break, so they wanted to use clay pots. Third, it can be said that since very early on, we can find very beautiful pots, so we can say that there was a profession called potter. It can only be said that there were people who specialized in making pots. Finally, I would like to point out that these potters lived in the river basins where there was good clay. Villages were built on the riverbanks. It is estimated that this was 9,000 years ago.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou can't just dry the pot in the sun and add water. You can add water when you bake it at 500 degrees Celsius. But even if you heat it to 1150 degrees Celsius, it will still leak a little. Only after glazing can you get a good amount of water. In West Asia, glazing has been practiced for 2900 years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople don't glaze their drinking water pots. I'm very happy if the drinking water pot is wet outside and drops of water fall down. I think the water is cooler. I also fill it up once a day and use it, so I don't mind if it leaks. If you're storing oil or salting vegetables, you can't tolerate this kind of leakage. You have to use only glazed pots. Therefore, it is important to know when the art of glazing began in Myanmar. This art was used very late. As I said earlier, the art of glazing appeared in the 11th century AD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe archaeological department has been able to excavate the pottery, which is over 2,000 years old, and has been studying it. It is possible to estimate this age range by finding it together with finely ground stone tools.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The excavation site is around the Taungthaman Inhar, Aung Tsikpa Monastery and Maha Gandharon Monastery in Amarapura. February 1971 \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43221759819925,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_ab2a0f22-664e-46f7-aa87-665dfa0dfe53.jpg?v=1730276219"},{"product_id":"သန်းထွန်း-မိုးကျရွှေကိုယ်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Moe Kyaw Shwe Gyen","description":"\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e (1)\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e Forest camp \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e My friend, who was sitting across the desk from me, looked at me while he was studying papers and said, \"Sign here, that's it.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe candlelight flickered in the cool evening air. The shadows cast by the light cast strange shapes on the walls of the small room. Through the open window, I could hear the muffled voices of people returning home from work. Occasionally, the sound of three-wheelers passing by in the distance, and the faint sound of warning people to avoid the road in the dim streetlights.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThrough the window, which was covered with a cloth, the office staff seemed to be listening attentively to what more they would ask. Which camp should we go to with the newly arrived sub-district superintendent (SP0)? Is he a friendly and lively person, or a restless and restless person, a lazy and mean person, or a big troublemaker? Every two or three years, a new person arrives, and soon that person will know why. At this moment, when a new person arrives in a small town, the office staff has not yet returned home, but they are waiting happily in the office. But what about the new person who has just arrived? They are not only family members but also strangers, and they are eager to chat with him in the tea shop or at home while having dinner.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs soon as I signed with the big, ringing pen in the office, I was greeted with a loud voice, “I am now the administrative officer of the Kawkareik District.” I was responsible for collecting taxes, collecting rent, land, mortgage, inland revenue, fishing tax, hunting license, gun license, district judge, police station, smuggling, preventing and arresting gin and liquor smugglers, and the chairman of the community peace committee, health committee, municipality, and dispensary, etc.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSince I, who hold the highest position in the entire region, have become the person in charge of the Emperor, if anyone higher in rank than me, whether it be the commander-in-chief of the army, the air force, or the navy, comes to this region without an officer from our department, I will have to take care of them.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo be precise, on September 7, 1940, I was 25 years old. I took over the reins of our department from the senior officer who had come to Cox's Bazar three years earlier, who was more experienced than I was. In fifty years, the \"field\" has become a more important place than ever before. The relevant documents were signed by the old and new, and the office was filled. The old man returned to his house, which would soon become my home. I returned to the mansion where my wife, Doreen, was waiting. After handing over the reins, he left Cox's Bazar the next morning, as was customary.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe headquarters of the town, Kawkareik, is about the size of a county. The town has grown in size in the last fifty years. The population is now about seven or eight thousand. The main road is paved, and runs through the fields to Kyongdo on the Hang Thaw River. There is a ferry that runs daily to Mawlamyine. On the other side, the road is in disrepair and forty miles away, winding around the Dawna Mountains, is the Thai border. The town boasts three steam-powered rice mills. There are also quite a few monasteries and pagodas. The only thing that can be said to be on the road to development is the provision of electricity and street lights. To be rich, we must rely on good rice production and a brisk retail trade.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you walk through the market on the main road, you will be amazed by the variety of people. Burmese, Shan, Karen, Mon, Chinese, and Kala all mix together in their traditional clothes. Kawkareik is a border town, with a mix of different ethnic groups. Here and there, you will see groups of people, scattered and scattered. The clothes are also rough. People from nearby villages come to shop, go shopping, and try out the biscuits. At night, they watch the show. They enjoy the show.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe call Kawkareik a forest camp. The king who went there before us said, 'This place is so beautiful.' People who live in such isolated villages can only rely on rice production. For them, \"going to the city doesn't mean going to a place like Mawlamyine. Now it means coming to this place and mixing with the people. The slang and the dialect are getting more and more common. 'The conductor shouted loudly, reciting the route. The seats will be full. Don't be discouraged, if you don't take this car, you will have to walk through the forest and over the mountains.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn their small villages, you can't travel in style on the rickshaws invented by the Burmese. There are no electric street lights in their villages. There are no shops that sell until sunset. There are no tea shops to feed the passersby. These are completely different from Kawkareik. People can laugh and talk, and live in peace and quiet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBeyond the signpost that says 'to the border', the road rises sharply. On that hill is the official's 'man's hut'. It is a small two-story house. From the top, you can see the road through the forest. If you go straight ahead, you will see the Dawna Mountains, the ever-green forest road, that's all there is to it and the border. The majestic mountains are covered with green trees. If you can get past these, you will reach the border town of Myawaddy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe sound of the noisy buses, the sounds of the passengers crammed into the bus, the sound of the cars getting on and off the bumpy road, the sound of the car horns that can only be heard from a distance, if you think about it, you might think that the army of the warlord Alaungma is marching. In fact, in the eighteenth century, Alaungma led his cavalry and infantry to conquer Thailand and won. We can still see the destruction of the Thai capital of Ayutthaya and the construction of a pagoda in Myawaddy to commemorate the victory. We can also see the fortifications around the village with earthworks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKawkareik always experiences heavy rainfall during the rainy season. I am happy with this. The rainfall is 250 inches. There is a forest between the houses and the foothills. Even the monastery built not far from the village is hidden by the forest. When the rain stops and the summer comes, there is no obstacle, and the hot sun is so intense that it feels like it has been set on fire again. The trees have also turned from green to brown and the tips of the branches and leaves have dried up. Only then can I distinguish the steps and the roof of the monastery. The forest fire has also burned down to our yard. In the evening, when the sun sets, the monastery plays the sound of the coconut tree to call for worship. Looking towards the mountains, I can see the smoke and flames burning along the mountainside. I think the black forest is framed by a golden lip.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe don't know if the peacock we received as a gift was perched on a tree or on the edge of the roof, but it is always watching. The capital is like a guard goose. It is more reliable than a guard dog. It moves its perch and warns us when strangers come, day or night. Don't disrespect the peacock. It is true that guests are afraid of it. The cat we have in the house is afraid of it. We were afraid that it would turn towards us while we were sitting at the dinner table.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe hut we live in is made of teak. There is a carved staircase to go up and down. Large doors that you can use to step on are used to enter and exit. There is no place to relax, except in Yangon. There is no system for distributing water for domestic use. There is no well dug. There is a man who brings a cart and a water barrel to give you water. The Burmese old man, he doesn’t seem to know how old he is. It is said that he was once a rich landowner, gambled a lot and now he is very poor. He carries a cart with a water barrel to the foot of the mountain where the well is. He works hard and constantly. You would never think that he was rich once. He treats everyone with a smile and a friendly smile.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this pleasant environment, I am the ruler of the country. Since ancient times, the king has been respected as \"Moe Kyaw Shwe Kyaw\". I have been given this position. The responsibility is great, but I enjoy it. It is very different from sitting in the headquarters. Here, I am alone, I am alone, I am my own boss, right?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43222640885909,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_53e86f0c-021b-4907-bfac-9042a7e9e39e.jpg?v=1730278195"},{"product_id":"သန်းထွန်း-ငိုချင်းမိုးကျရွှေကိုယ်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Crying (Moe Kyaw Shwe Gyen)","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e Government in exile\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIndia did not accept the thousands of refugees who came to India in 1942 after the Japanese invasion. India also had its own problems. So it could not welcome the millions of visitors. And the visitors were all broken, disillusioned, and poor. Most of these refugees were their own people. It was a one-sided claim that the Indian government should take responsibility for these refugees.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome Europeans treat these refugees, who are their own kind, as strangers. What they do is not expel them. This is a real incident in the Far East. The people in Calcutta, concerned about the situation, do not want to help the refugees. Some of them actually expel them.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDoreen was lucky. When she arrived in Calcutta, she held the baby in one hand and drew a long Japanese sword in the other and looked for the man with her name on it. The man was a wealthy man. He was looking for a wealthy man who could help him find a job. The others were not so lucky. It was a very hot time in Calcutta when they arrived, so they packed enough clothes for their little boy in a week and left for Sinhala. That city was a summer camp and the place where the Indian government used to move its offices until the war. It was the place where the Governor-General's office was located in the summer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis is a good thing. The Indian government has allowed the government in exile from Burma to set up its headquarters in Sinmai. It is to be based in Sinmai and continue its administration. The Indian government is no longer using Sinmai as a summer camp. So it can easily rent buildings for official residences and offices in this city. I went to Sinmai and joined the Burmese government in exile. I had malaria. I also had severe dysentery. At that time, (the powerful) sulfa drugs were not yet available, so I was hospitalized and treated to kill the dysentery bacteria. At that time, the newly opened Secretariat of the Burmese government was given the post of Assistant Secretary-General.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDespite the impressive title and position, there is no real responsibility. Are the documents related to the cases received complete, are they organized in a coherent manner, can you make your own observations and conclusions, do you have to report them to your superiors, and since it is a government in exile, nothing is done - it is still not a smooth process. It is a very different story from when Eric Arnault was appointed as Assistant Secretary-General in Yangon. He was young, energetic, and energetic. The day he took office, he ordered all the unfinished cases to be sent to me. The next day, when he went to his office, the whole room was overflowing with cases. Some of the cases were from ten years ago, twenty years ago, thirty years ago. I had to tell him to hang them up now, and I will bring them up again next year (without losing my composure).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen the Burmese government was officially established at Sinma, Europeans, Anglo-Burmese, Blacks and Burmese who had fled Burma came to this office to report their arrival and to continue their duties. Some came in person. The assistant secretary told him what he should do with the minor officials under his authority. If he thought it was not his right (he had to report it to the governor or other senior officials). The senior officials were now ordered to stay at Sinma, so they had to go around the city and rent houses for a short or longer period. It was not easy to find suitable housing. What happened was that the senior officials often refused to accept anything that others offered them, and instead took bribes. But they were content with what they got.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe had only one room to work in at first, and after three or four weeks, we got a room in the Elysium Hotel, and then a two- and three-room apartment. The hotel was full of people like us who had fled Burma. The room was comfortable. The location was good. So we had company and stayed here. Since we had a small child, we spent the evenings (we couldn’t have time for parties or dinners) in our own room. When we wrote, we wrote, when we played chess, we talked to people we liked, and we rented a bed for Richard. We were afraid that if he grew up with a bed, he would lose his parents, so we stayed with him while drinking tea. The view in the area where we were now was amazing, the snow-covered Himalayas. I must have come here to console myself for the hardships we had faced during the past few months. If we crossed the mountain range, we would reach Tibet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe senior officers of the administration thought they had taken early retirement. Some of them had left Burma by air and were sharing the remaining power with the Secretary-General. The loss of Burma was only a temporary setback. In this war, the Allies were the only ones who could win. So we had to prepare for what we were going to do when we returned to Burma. There were middle-ranking officers who had stayed in Burma until the last day and then left. They had come the more difficult way north of Tamu. These people had to do the planning. If we could do the planning, we would do it. Don't say that to the princes. The Governor-General, Sir Dorman Smith, was himself a cabinet minister. He was called by the War Cabinet in England and told that the most important Allied task for the Far East was the reconstruction of Burma. He returned to Singapore and appointed Eric Arnault as the reconstruction secretary.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe first record of the Department of Rehabilitation was the Governor’s order appointing Eric to the position. The second was the announcement by Eric that I was appointed Assistant Secretary-General of the Department of Rehabilitation. This small office, which had started out like this, was to plan how to complete the government department in the next two years, and to take into account all the issues (that could arise) in Burma that could be saved from the enemy’s hands. It took a large trainload of goods to Yangon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe opened our office in a Greek hotel on the slopes of the lower Jakob. There was a deep valley. On the other side of the valley were monkeys - very numerous. We had iron bars on the windows. Every day a monkey would come and sit on the window sill and watch what the people and animals in the house were doing on the benches. We would watch back. So he would get into a mood, and he would ring a bell, and he would hang on to the branches with his hands and go away.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEric is the department manager. It's the same as the department model. How are we going to organize all the government departments, what are we going to do, and who are the resettlement officers for each department? We have extensive experience in running departments and have had extensive discussions with people. We are going to draw up a \"blueprint\" for the future. I am the assistant secretary-general, and I am the secretary to each of the committees I mentioned earlier. I have to consult with the chairman and write the final report.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBefore the Japanese invasion, Burma was not as complete as the big dominions like Australia and Canada, but it had a lot of independence within the Commonwealth. When we had to leave Burma, we also thought about how to achieve Dominion status. Now, in other words, we should stay in the Commonwealth and give Dominion status. The Resettlement Department also had this idea. I think it would be good if we could announce the exact date when Dominion status would be given. We would have to help rebuild the war-torn area. I think it should take between three and seven years. We presented this idea clearly in London. It was not accepted, because Churchill said, “I do not want to be a big man in the dismantling of empires.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAt the beginning of the story, the people who will participate in the resettlement are chosen by the people who will return to Myanmar. They must also be willing to give the Burmese the self-government they want. That is why we do not employ people who believe that they should continue to rule in a fanatical manner. But we also allow them to express their ideas freely. That is why they also question and condemn the department that has just opened.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSoon after the department was opened, two prominent Burmese came to the Myanmar Commission. U Tin Htut was a man who had joined the Indian Indentured Servants (ICS) in 1921. He had passed a competitive examination in England to get the position, which was an overseas allowance (extra pay) given to Englishmen who came to Burma to serve. He became the General Counsel. A year later, U Kyaw Min joined and appointed him as the Chairman of the Department.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eU Saw, the former minister of the Burmese government, took U Tin Htut as his secretary and went to England towards the end of 1941 as a delegation. He was well received. But he did not get a promise from Churchill that Burma would declare independence as soon as the war was over (or if the fighting ceased). So the group continued on to America. When they returned to Burma from Hawaii, the Japanese had bombed the port of Palu, so they had to change their route. They had to turn around in Lisbon. When they arrived in Lisbon, U Saw alone met with the Japanese ambassador and promised that if the Japanese entered Burma, Burma would take Japanese help and wage a revolution against the British. (This meant that the British would be driven out of Burma.) They continued their journey there and at the next camp, Haifa, they were arrested. U Saw was kept in Uganda until the war was over. U Tin Htut was allowed to return to Sinma La (as he was not part of U Saw's plan) and continue to serve in the government-in-exile.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eU Tin Htut, a Burmese patriot, did not seem to have much faith in the Rehabilitation Department at first. But gradually his prejudices subsided and he believed that he could truly serve his people and joined our work. He had a painful experience when he was a young officer. After playing cricket, when he went to the Bago Club to take a shower and change clothes, he was not accepted and went to a poor place. In India and Burma, the British did not treat the ethnic groups as equals, but spoke to them in a superior manner, which was more painful to the ethnic groups than it was to win them over in real administrative matters. This kind of thing caused more resentment than taking advantage of them in politics and economics. (U Tin Htut) was a very qualified person. He could safely entrust the administration to him. He also advised that the British should temporarily hand over Burma to the United Nations before they really gave independence. He seemed to be warning that if they did not do this, the whole situation would be ruined.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother Burmese who came out with the Burmese government was Sir Paw Htun. He was the chief minister who succeeded U Saw after his arrest. When he was far away, the chief minister often invited people involved in the Burmese administration to tea parties. The topic he often talked about was how Sir Paw Htun was very good. He himself would tell them how to get a case done quickly. As his health deteriorated, he stopped attending these meetings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOur department initially worked with expectations and was very active. The officers were asked what they were doing in their respective departments - \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43224261427349,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_09479de9-66ee-487e-b630-9cbe16b09469.jpg?v=1730280268"},{"product_id":"သန်းထွန်း-သူတို့လည်းအသက်လုပြီးပြေးကြရရှာတယ်သန်းထွန်း-ငိုချင်းမိုးကျရွှေကိုယ်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - They also had to run for their lives (Than Tun - Crying (Moe Kyaw Shwe Gye))","description":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e The soldiers have arrived.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen I was in charge of administering the Kawkareik district, my former deputy governor said, “There are few visitors here, so you don’t have to worry about them. It’s cool. If it’s not too bad, high-ranking officials, including the minister, come here all the time. When I lived here for three years, I could say that I could do anything. It was peaceful and quiet.” When he said that, the military campaign was not as big as it was. Did he know in advance that this part of the campaign would become important?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt's not true that there are no visitors to this place. The law minister came to me within the first month of my arrival, saying that he needed to stay in touch with his people. Even if the officials were to be put aside for a while, Kawkareik had become a Mecca, from the company commander to the battalion commander.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn early 1941, soldiers arrived one by one. There is no record of which troops had arrived before. If they did, it would have been around World War I. It could have been earlier. If they did, they would have been able to hide and hide, and the whole town would have been in chaos. It was one thing to hide young women in the forest, and the shops and vendors would have to buy them and raise the prices of their goods. They would line up to watch the soldiers march through the town. The soldiers were very aggressive. If they saw women, they would try to force them to come in, and they would tell each other stories from the past. Nothing bad happened, and after a week or two, they were happy to see the soldiers arrive. It was true that trade was good, but Kawkareik was a thriving town from the beginning. Although the Burmese Rifles were mostly Karen, their relatives lived in the villages around Kawkareik. They were happy with the situation that had created for their families to come there. Soldiers take short leave and return to their families. They show off the uniforms they are allowed to wear. Grandparents also want to brag about seeing their children and grandchildren grow up. So the people and the military are already friendly. (Where can there be a kind of \"Mo So Khap\"?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBut whispers are a common occurrence in the East. They often talk in excess. The first army that arrived was only about a hundred men. But the people in Mae Sot will say that there are a thousand soldiers at Kok Kea. I have already calculated that Bangkok will say that there are ten thousand soldiers at Kok Kea. Don’t worry about whether this is true or not. Recently, an American missionary has come from over there and has sent ten thousand soldiers to Kok Kea. I told him, “I won’t tell you the truth. The Dona Taung is also covered with thick trees, so it is possible that there are a hundred thousand soldiers hidden there. Soon, the Thai side asked, “Why are the British sending troops to their border like this?”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe troops were lined up for a mile or two along the road from Kawkareik to the third camp. We went to their camp and sat outside with the officers, drinking beer and orange juice by the light of the stars and lanterns hung from bamboo poles. * The commander had served in the Burma Rifles for many years. He loved his unit. He had a special bond with his men. The unit and the men loved him in return in their own way. When we invited him to “lunch, let me serve you dinner,” he always refused. I asked him why he refused. “I don’t let the men go out to eat. I’m included in that.” That’s why they respected and admired him.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the mountains, villagers often catch baby monkeys and raise them at home. I also got one and raised it in the camp. A villager caught it about a month and a half ago and bought it for sale. At first, he was tied up with a long rope. Now he has taken it off. It doesn't run away. It has become very attached to its owner. If I let them live together, the group will not only not accept it but will also kill them. ,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis monkey is loved by both the officers and the soldiers in the army. Every day, when the tall officer was in line to inspect the troops, he would see a monkey following him, imitating the monkey's posture. It was not difficult to raise this monkey. Since it was not used to being used, it could not go out and urinate on its own. It had to be wrapped in a diaper so that it could urinate wherever it wanted.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe first army arrived and by the end of the summer, new and old troops had come and gone, and they had become accustomed to the natural conditions of the area. At that time, there was no such thing as a military train, so they paid for appropriate vehicles to transport them. One was a car, the other was a cart. The cart was often used as a cart, and people used to say, \"The Kokkereik disaster has come.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\"The carts for the first arriving army were ordered to come to the Kyongdo Motor Port. From the port, you can see the carts loaded with goods and entering the city in a row, covered in dust. If the next army wants a cart, they don't have to ask me, they can arrange it themselves, I think.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOnce, while Doreen and I were in the village, the police chief brought me a petition. He said that a new army had arrived yesterday. They couldn’t rent carts. The carters were on strike. They wanted to increase the rate for a man, an ox, and a cart for a day. (Previously, it was one and a half kyats.) Now they asked for two kyats. The carters assured me that when I joined earlier, the rate had already been set at two kyats. Of course, it was two kyats a day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eI returned to Kawkareik and called some of the cart leaders. “The army pays you two kyats a day. Why are you only getting one and a half kyats?” I asked, “The army always pays two kyats a day. The Kala contractor comes in and pays the carters only one and a half kyats a day.” I was surprised. The officer who wanted the carts told the chief. There was no contract. I had to ask again how that happened. “When the soldiers from Mawlamyine arrived, a Kala boss also came. He called the carters individually and said, ‘You need money. If you get three or four, take five kyats each. After the work is done, I will give you the rest of the money you deserve.’ He contracted the work and we became his workers.” I had never heard of a job called a contract. When the army paid two kyats a day, the Kala paid each worker one and a half kyats a day. (That Kala took out two kyats a day for each person and took five kyats each.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThat same day, when I told the colonel who had initially asked me to find a cart about the ox carts, he laughed and said, “This contract is even worse than you think. He listed the amount of money he was asking for in the application for the money as six kyats per cart. The headquarters ordered him to pay. So, for one hundred carts and forty kyats, that’s thirty thousand kyats. The cartman was actually paid six thousand kyats. No one at headquarters knows the situation in the villages well. Now that the colonel has come in, it’s a good deal.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe people in the community are angry about the poor quality of the contract. They are also surprised that a foreigner who has nothing to do with it can intervene and manipulate it. I do the same as my subordinates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf the (e.g., the mayor) himself asks for the carts, that's fine. The red tape system says that you have to use a contract. In that case, let's give the contract to a local (e.g., the chief) and then ask if the headquarters will hire that guy, trust that guy. It's done. Next time, the carters will not be cheated. In this case, I will not allow this guy to take the money he stole from me.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey talked about this for weeks, and the military was not very happy, but if I needed to rent a cart in the future, I would tell the carter how much I would pay per day. At this time, the contractor would agree on a daily rate and when the work was actually done, he would find and collect as many carts as he needed. The carters are still unhappy about being cheated. I also feel sorry for them. Now that we have established a way to communicate with the carter, since the carter will pay two kyats per day, there will be no more gossip and the relationship will be more fair.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOfficers from various armies who travel on special missions such as recruiting troops occasionally visit Kawkareik. Around this area: Many Karen people from the villages join the Burmese army. They are trying to popularize the Tatmadaw. But the army has not yet achieved much popularity (war victories) and so the people have not yet shown much support. There will be moderate contact with government officials. Except for the young people who are quick-witted and have a good attitude, everyone likes to stay. They will have a normal attitude towards the British. With just a little help, they can become good guerrilla fighters.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Karen are a small population in Burma. We can say that they have good relations with the English. Based on this good relations, a major came to us on a special occasion. We want to form a Levy force in the border areas, not always, but because of the need for it at the moment. Although it is a government-formed force, in times of peace this force will at least protect the isolated places from bandits. If the enemy comes in the future, we have not occupied the eastern part, so this small group can help the real army a lot. For example, we can harass the enemy from the rear. We can also gather people who have lost sight of the food supply stations and the roads are cut off.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe project is good. Everyone who knows about the border wants this project to succeed. Raymond, the steel representative from Mae Pale, who lives on the other side of the Dawna Mountain, is also very good. He strongly supports it. He has chosen his favorite from among the people he trusts and has started military training in Mae Pale. Oh... something has come up. The Yangon headquarters does not like this project. They have issued an order to stop it with a single word, saying that this is a good idea. How can anything done with a simple chain of command be “poured into the sand”? In the future, they will find out that this idea is good, but they cannot fix it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(28)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Three-legged stool and donation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Just like when the troops arrived in Kawkareik, every field and clearing had three bamboo poles planted. The farmers dug small plots of land and covered them with a little water.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt was made to be safe. Where would an airplane dare to land in a place with so many bamboo spikes? A paratrooper would be able to land. I don't think an airplane would dare to land in every empty space with three bamboo spikes. The bamboo spikes are about six feet long. They are planted firmly in the ground. That's why you don't think an enemy paratrooper would dare to come, but they do come, and it's scary to see them. They are more of a visual distraction than a useful thing. Bamboo spikes can also be very dangerous. If a paratrooper falls on the bamboo spikes, he will be useless.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA Burmese officer in Dawei gave this advice. The first bamboo stakes were erected in that district. By the spring of 1941, when the enemy had advanced, every empty space in Tanintharyi was covered with bamboo stakes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA meeting was called with the surrounding landowners in Kawkareik. They explained why they had to erect this bamboo pole. They arranged for bamboo to be purchased at a low price for this purpose. They said that the small cost of transporting bamboo was a cost to win the war. They said that they would work hard and soon bamboo poles were erected.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe village elders and parents were not immediately worried, but \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43224265654421,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/products\/1_7083d1c5-8071-41b0-89c4-124f40948236.jpg?v=1730280291"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ဂျပန်မှုတစ်ရာ","title":"Dr. Than Tun - One Hundred Japanese Crimes","description":"","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45593863061653,"sku":"","price":3600.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/001_4cebf62f-4c8e-4857-a7e9-b067b0eea32a.jpg?v=1745779772"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မြန်မာ့သမိုင်းလစ်ကွက်များ","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Burmese History Gaps","description":"","brand":"နှစ်ကာလများ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45864936636565,"sku":"","price":5700.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/001_f0e80f42-e9a3-46b8-8f3a-5c124923340d.jpg?v=1745818250"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-လူကျော်","title":"Dr. Than Tun - Lu Kyaw","description":"","brand":"နှစ်ကာလများ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45864937226389,"sku":"","price":9500.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/001_5c459699-3857-443c-9cf5-cb4e3b44fe53.jpg?v=1745818254"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ငါပြောချင်သမျှငါ့အကြောင်း","title":"ငါပြောချင်သမျှငါ့အကြောင်း","description":"","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46235832385685,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/Screenshot2025-07-24153120.png?v=1753345947"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-မြန်မာဆိုတာ","title":"မြန်မာဆိုတာ","description":"","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46235842740373,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/Screenshot2025-07-24153436.png?v=1753346102"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-အရင်ဧကရာဇ်-အခုလူ","title":"အရင်ဧကရာဇ် အခုလူ","description":"","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46235845820565,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/Screenshot2025-07-24153538.png?v=1753363340"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသိန်းလွင်-စိတ်-ဖိစီးမှုကို-လျှော့ချနည်းများ","title":"စိတ်၏ဖိစီးမှုကို လျှော့ချနည်းများ","description":"","brand":"Other Websites","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46236490891413,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/Screenshot2025-07-24202248.png?v=1753363402"},{"product_id":"ဒေါက်တာသန်းထွန်း-ဟာဗေ-စာတန်းသုံးစောင်ဒုတိယကြိမ်","title":"ဟာဗေ၏စာတန်းသုံးစောင်(ဒုတိယကြိမ်)","description":"","brand":"စိတ်ကူးချိုချိုစာပေ","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46466228191381,"sku":null,"price":6650.0,"currency_code":"MMK","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0609\/9756\/6613\/files\/001_414f4841-e149-432e-bbd5-57afc5974bb3.jpg?v=1759465093"}],"url":"https:\/\/mgyoe.com\/en\/collections\/%e1%80%92%e1%80%b1%e1%80%ab%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba%e1%80%90%e1%80%ac%e1%80%9e%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%b8%e1%80%91%e1%80%bd%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%b8.oembed?page=3","provider":"mgyoe.com","version":"1.0","type":"link"}